List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire

• Osman Gazi conquers the Byzantine castle of Kulaca Hisar.

Ottoman Empire

• Kayi tribe transitions into Ottoman Empire.
• Byzantium loses control over Bithynia and allows gradual Ottoman expansion into Byzantine controlled Asia Minor

• Ottomans become the major power in Asia Minor

• Ottomans conquer Bithynia from Byzantium

• The fall of Nicomedia enabled Orhan to overrun Bithynia and extend Ottoman rule to the eastern shore of the Bosporus. Apart from Constantinople and some territory in Greece, mainly the Peloponnese, the Byzantines were left with an empire in name only.

• Ottoman ally John VI Kantakouzenos defeats regents, and is recognized as senior emperor

• John V Palaiologos becomes sole ruler, deposes the Ottoman allies Kantakouzenoi, while Ottomans score major victory over Serbians at Demotika

• Ottoman takeover of Gallipoli
• John VI Kantakouzenos overthrown as Eastern Roman Emperor
• Savoyard crusade
• Europe becomes open to Turkish expansion

• Heavy losses stall Ottoman advance on Bulgarian capital of Sofia, however Ottomans are able to inflict a crushing blow on Bulgarian.

• Adrianople becomes the New Capital of the Ottoman Empire

• Ottomans conquer Adrianople and make it new capital

• Battle of Nicopolis
• Siege of Golubac
• Battle of Hermannstadt
• Battle of Nish (1443)
• Battle of Zlatitsa
• Battle of Kunovica
• Battle of Varna
• Battle of Kosovo (1448)
• Battle of Kruševac
• Siege of Belgrade (1456)
• Siege of Jajce (1464)
• Battle of Zvornik (1464)
• Battle of Vaslui
• Battle of Breadfield
• Ottoman conquest of Otranto
• Battle of Krbava Field
• Siege of Belgrade (1521)
• Battle of Mohács

• Kingdom of Croatia
• Kingdom of Poland
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania
• Principality of Wallachia
• Principality of Moldavia

European allies:

• Holy Roman Empire
• Papal States
• Crown of Aragon
• Kingdom of Naples
• Republic of Venice
• Republic of Genoa
• Bulgarian Empire
• Kingdom of France
• Knights of Rhodes
• Kingdom of Bosnia
• Moravian Serbia
• Serbian Despotate
• Duchy of Savoy
• Kingdom of England
• Teutonic Order
• Byzantine Empire
• Crown of Castile
• Kingdom of Portugal
• Kingdom of Navarre

• Start of Ottoman–Habsburg wars
• Destruction of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary and its partition between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs

• Ottomans conquer parts of Macedonia and Thrace

• Byzantine Empire cedes Gallipoli to Ottomans and essentially become Ottoman vassals

• Preljubović, leader of Epirus, appealed for help from the Ottomans and Frank's who provide the Epirotes with an auxiliary force.
• Thomas Preljubović uses his new auxiliary to good use by capturing many fortresses in the Despotate of Arta, but Albanians under Gjon Shpata, together with the Mazarakii tribe held their defensive positions and ultimately defeated Thomas once again.

• Zetan forces under Balša II capture the Princedom's capital, Durrës.
• In 1385 Zetan Forces are defeated by Thopia with help of Ottoman forces in the Battle of Savra.
• Thopia recaptures capital of Durrës and reestablished the Princedom of Albania.

• Tsardom of Vidin

• Ottomans conquer Bulgaria and the Second Bulgarian Empire falls in 1396

• Albanians under Gjon Zenebishi successfully capture the fortress of Gjirokastër.
• The Principality of Gjirokastër is declared.

• Since the Ottomans were victorious, most of the local Serbian and Albanian lords became vassals. Immediately after this battle Thopia recaptured Durrës, probably under the Ottoman suzerainty. The Ottomans captured Krujë, Berat, and Ulcinj and soon retreated from them keeping only Kastoria under their permanent control.

• Bosnians and Serbs ally against Ottoman threat, culminating in Battle of Kosovo

Albanian principalities

• Heavy losses on both sides devastate less numerous Serbs, while Ottomans are able to bring troops from the east.
• Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Serbian Prince Lazar are killed and Bayezid I becomes new sultan.
• Serbian lords eventually became vassals of the Ottomans.

• Albanian and Aromanian forces are defeated in four battles against Epirote, Thessalian and Ottoman forces around Jannina.
• Albanian forces withdraw into the surrounding mountains

• In 1390, Sultan Bayezid summoned the co-emperors of Byzantium, John VII and Manuel II and ordered them to accompany the besieging Turkish force to Philadelphia. The co-emperors submitted to the degradation, and Philadelphia surrendered when it saw the imperial banner hoisted among the horse-tails of the Turkish pashas above the camp of the besiegers. The humiliation of the empire could go no further than when the heir of Justinian and Basil Bulgaroktonos took the field at the behest of a Turkish Emir, in order to extinguish the last relics of freedom in his own country.

• Ottomans retreat due to Hungarian invasion by Sigismund of Luxembourg.

• Moravian Serbia

• Ottoman advance in Wallachia halted till Crusade of Nicopolis

• Bayezid I is forced to march to Ankara to meet Timurid Amir Timur

• Moravian Serbia

• Bohemian Crown
• Duchy of Savoy
• Swiss Confederacy

Kingdom of France

• Duchy of Burgundy

Kingdom of Hungary

• Voivodship of Transylvania
• Kingdom of Croatia

Principality of Wallachia
Knights Hospitaller
Republic of Venice
Republic of Genoa
Second Bulgarian Empire
Kingdom of Poland
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Navarre
Teutonic Knights
Byzantine Empire

• Ottomans defeat Crusades and no new Anti-Ottoman alliance is formed till the 1440s
• Ottomans maintain pressure on Constantinople, tightened control over the Balkans, and became a greater threat to central Europe
• Collapse of Second Bulgarian Empire

• Sack of Sebaste
• Siege of Ankara
• Battle of Ankara

• Anatolian beyliks

Black Tatars

Albanian principalities

Moravian Serbia

District of Branković

Wallachia

Co-belligerant:

Mamluk Sultanate

Kingdom of Georgia

Knights Hospitaller

• Anatolian beyliks

Aq Qoyunlu

Germiyanids

• Anatolian Beyliks got independence.
• Bayezid I is captured by Timur and dies in captivity, leaving the Ottoman Empire without a sultan
• Ottoman Interregnum begins
• Ottoman Empire on the brink of collapse
• Timurid conquests and invasions ends.

Süleyman Çelebi
Byzantine Empire

Musa Çelebi
Wallachia

• Mehmed Çelebi becomes Mehmed I
• Ottoman Empire is re-united

• The two sides clashed on 21 November 1402, at Tripolje, near the Gračanica Monastery. The date of the battle coincided with the Presentation of Mary. Lazarević divided his army into two groups. Constantine of Kostenets, Lazarević's biographer (ca. 1431), wrote that the army was divided between the two brothers, in case one fell the other would be saved and stay a "good shepherd of the flock". Lazarević assigned the larger group to his brother Vuk, while he took the smaller group. It is unknown whether the army that Balšić contributed as security was present at the battle. Branković enjoyed significant Ottoman support.

• Ottomans crush the Bulgarian revolt

• Mehmet Celebi lifts the siege

• Principality of Gjirokastër

• Ottomans conquer the territory of the Principality.
• Ruler of the Principality, Gjon Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.

• Pietro Loredan crushes the Ottoman fleet to ensure Venetian superiority in the Aegean for the next few decades

• Sheikh Bedreddin's revolt is suppressed and he and his followers are executed

• Principality of Gjirokastër

• Ottomans successfully besiege Gjirokastër and reconquer the territory of the Principality.
• Ruler of the Principality, Depë Zenebishi, goes into exile in Corfu.

• Murad II forced to suppress the revolt of his younger brother, Küçük Mustafa

Republic of Venice

• Ottomans capture Thessalonica

• Ottomans conquer Anatolia

Transylvania
Kingdom of Bosnia
Grand Duchy of Lithuania

• The Kingdom of Hungary recognized the Ottoman annexation of Alacahisar and Güvercinlik and their rule over the Serbian Despotate and the Wallachian Voivodeship

• Serbia becomes vassal state of the Ottoman Empire
• Ottomans invade Bosnia

• Suppression of Revolt. Restoration of Ottoman Rule in Albania

• Battle of Torvioll
• Battle of Mokra (1445)
• Battle of Otonetë
• Siege of Svetigrad
• Battle of Oranik (1448)
• Siege of Krujë (1450)
• Battle of Polog
• Siege of Berat (1455)
• Battle of Oranik (1456)
• Battle of Albulena
• Battle of Mokra (July 1462)
• Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign
• Battle of Ohrid
• Battle of Vaikal
• Ballaban's campaign of 1465
• Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)
• Siege of Krujë (1467)
• Siege of Shkodra (1474)
• Siege of Krujë (1478)
• Siege of Shkodra

1444–46:
League of Lezhë

1446–50:
League of Lezhë
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• State of Arianiti

1450–51:
Albanians under Skanderbeg
Muzaka Lordship

Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• State of Arianiti

1451–54:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• State of Arianiti
• Muzaka Lordship

1454–56:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini

Muzaka Lordship

1456–68:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini
• Muzaka Lordship

Republic of Venice

• State of Arianiti

1468–78:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Kastrioti
• Principality of Dukagjini

1478–79:
Angevin Kingdom of Naples

• Principality of Dukagjini

Republic of Venice

• State of Arianiti
• Albanian resistance forces

Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only)

Initial Albanian victory

• The Ottomans are defeated in numerous battles by the Albanians, mostly under Skanderbeg
• Albanian resistance weakens following the death of Skanderbeg in 1468

Eventual Ottoman victory

• Resistance weakens after Skanderbeg's death
• Shkodër falls in 1479

• During the siege of Novo Brdo its population suffered heavy casualties. On 27 June 1441 Novo Brdo surrendered to the Ottoman forces, who then robbed and burned the captured town.

• Ottomans halt European attempt to check their rapid expansion

Republic of Venice

• The League of Lezhë gains all lands on the Albanian side of the Drin River

• Defeat of the European Crusaders
• Balkans slowly fall to the Ottomans
• Mehmed II free to siege Constantinople

• Constantinople is conquered by the Ottomans and becomes new Ottoman capital
• Morea and Trebizond continue as Byzantine rump states, until their conquest in 1460 and 1461 respectively
• Ottoman Empire proclaimed successor to the Roman Empire
• Beginning of the Classical Age (1453–1566)

• Skobaljić on November 16, 1454, defeating his army at Tripolje (near Novo Brdo), where Voivode Nikola and his men fought to the last man, inflicting disproportionately large casualties on the Ottoman force.

• Nikola Skobaljić continued his forays against the Ottomans, operating between Leskovac and Priština, and won several major victories against the armies of the sultan.

• Mehmed directed his forces towards Southern Serbia in 1455. He captured the Trepça, Novo Brdo and silver mines.

• The notables of the city were executed; 320 young men were recruited into the Janissaries and 700 Serbian women were enlisted into the army. The roof of St. Nicholas Church, popularly known as the Saxon church, was removed along with its bells. In 1467, the rest of the people were taken to Istanbul. The Ottoman colony established in the conquered city could not prevent its cultural and economic decline. Novo Brdo, which became noteworthy as the eventual site of an Ottoman mint, maintained its importance until the reign of Murad IV

• Berat falls to the Ottomans

• John Hunyadi repels the Ottomans
• Mehmed II's advance into Central Europe halted

• The fall of Smederevo led to the surrender of all the small forts in northern Serbia. By the end of 1459, all of Serbia was under Mehmed's control, with some 200,000 Serbian captives, thus beginning more than 400 years of Ottoman rule.

• Annexation of Amasra by the Ottoman Empire

• Ottomans conquer Empire of Trebizond

• Failure of Wallachian attempt to assassinate Mehmed II
• Vlad III impales over 20,000 Turks

• Ottomans conquer the island of Lesbos

• Ottomans conquer the Morea, Negroponte and Albania from Venetians

• Collapse of the Kingdom of Bosnia

• Aq Qoyunlu power nearly wiped out in the East, paving way for Shah Ismail I of the Safavids to take over Persia

• Mehmet II fails to follow up his victory at Valea Albă with a successful siege of Neamț Citadel
• Mehmet's son Bayezid continues the war with the Moldavians in 1484

• The process that started with the conquest of the Anatolian coast of the Black Sea continued with Crimea on the opposite shore, and during the reign of Mehmed the Conqueror, the Black Sea became a Turkish lake.

• Ottoman raids into Hungary halted

• Ottomans fail to conquer Rhodes

• Ottomans conquer Otranto and gain foothold in Southern Italy
• Ottoman garrison surrender the city after 13 months

• Albanian forces under Nicholas Pal Dukagjini and Lekë Dukagjini land on the north Albanian coastline in early Summer 1481, sparking rebellion in former Dukagjini territories. Lezhë and Shkodër are attacked, forcing Ottomans to send reinforcements.
• Meanwhile, Gjon Kastrioti II lands in Durrës, gathering support from 7,000 Albanian infantrymen, and his cousin Konstandin Muzaka lands in the coastal region around Himara. Rebellion breaks out in Central and Southern Albania.
• Forces under Gjon Kastrioti defeat a force of 2,000 to 3,000 Ottomans in August 1481 and capture Himara and Borsh Castle.
• Rebellion in Northern, Central and Southern Albania prevents Ottomans from sending reinforcements to Italy, resulting in Otranto being recaptured by Christian forces in September 1481.
• The rebellions are eventually crushed, and Gjon Kastrioti retreats to Italy in 1484.

• Ottomans conquer Chilia and Akkerman

• Ottoman incursions into Cilicia halted

• Polish King Aleksander Jagiellonczyk forced to sign truce with ottomans

Vladislaus

John Albert

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

• Near elimination of Croatian Nobility at Krbava Field
• Eventual Ottoman expansion into Croatia

• Battle of Una
• Battle of Vrpile
• Battle of Krbava Field
• Battle of Dubica
• Battle of Jajce (1518)
• Siege of Knin
• Battle of Mohács
• Siege of Güns
• Siege of Klis
• Katzianer's Campaign
• Battle of Hrastovica (1561)
• Battle of Obreška
• Siege of Krupa
• Siege of Szigetvár
• Siege of Gvozdansko
• Battle of Slunj
• Siege of Bihać (1592)
• Battle of Brest (1592)
• Battle of Sisak

From 1527:
Habsburg Monarchy

• Kingdom of Croatia
• Kingdom of Hungary
• Duchy of Carniola
• Serbian Despotate

• Ottoman Empire conquered areas of Kingdom of Croatia between Vrbas river and Kupa river. Their advance was conclusively halted in 1593 in Third Battle of Sisak. The remaining land remained under the control of Kingdom of Croatia.
• Kingdom of Croatia reduced to "Remnants of the remnants"
• Croatia joins Habsburg Monarchy
• Formation of Military Frontier
• Start of the Long Turkish War

• Venetian strongholds of Modon and Coron fall to the Ottomans
• Cephalonia and Ithaca are taken by Venice

• Battle of Cannanore
• Battle of Diu
• Portuguese conquest of Goa
• Siege of Jeddah

Indian states:

• Gujarat Sultanate
• Bijapur Sultanate
• Calicut kingdom
• Kannur

Supported by:

Republic of Venice

Ottoman Empire

Supported by:
Safavid Empire

• Portuguese Indian Armadas got the dominance of the Indian Ocean trade in detritment of Muslims and Arabs
• Establishment of Portuguese India

• After the battle of 1505, Shah Ismail sent an envoy to Bayezid II complaining about Selim's over-aggressive raids and demanding the return of his captured soldiers' weapons. Bayezid did not return the weapons but he did send the envoy back with gifts and promises of friendship. Selim fought against the Safavids again in 1507 and in 1510, both times defeating the Safavid forces.

• Bayezid II did not retaliate to this raid, however Selim I, then the governor of Trabzon, led an attack against Erzincan and defeated a Safavid army that was sent against him by Shah Ismail.

Ottoman Empire

• Portuguese retake Pate, Mombasa and Kilwa from Somali/Ottoman forces.

• Imereti and Guria subjugated by the Ottomans

• Battle of Diu (1509)
• Siege of Diu (1531)
• Siege of Diu (1538)

Supported by:

• Mamluk Sultanate
• Kingdom of Calicut
• Ottoman Empire

• Portuguese India

• Establishment of Portuguese Diu. Ottomans and Gujarati fail to relieve Diu and Portugal keeps control of the port
• Treaty of Bassein (1534)
• Establishment of Portuguese Bassein
• Establishment of Portuguese Daman

Şahkulu

• Safavid Empire

• Şehzade Selim becomes Selim I
• Şehzade Ahmet puts down Şahkulu's rebellion
• Selim executes Ahmet and relations between Ottomans and Safavids worsen

• In 1510 Shah Ismail sent a military contingent against the same place that Selim had successfully defended in 1505 Shah Ismail's brother advanced through Ottoman territory and marched against Trabzon but he was defeated by Selim.

• Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids
• Ottomans briefly occupy and plunder the Safavid capital, Tabriz
• Kurdish chiefs assert their authority and switch their allegiance from the Safavids to the Ottomans.
• Safavids adopt tactics similar to Ottomans

• Sultan Selim assigned Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha with the task of conquering Bayburt. Bıyıkli Mehmed Pasha conquered Bayburt which was defended by a Qizilbash Safavid chief, Kara Maksud. The attitude of Mehmet Pasha cause some of the guards around Kiği to be afraid, this area was also captured.

• The siege ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire. The fortress was captured by Selim I on 19 May in 1515. With this victory, Ottomans created their safe border against the Safavids.

• After this battle Tunceli and it's around conquered by the Ottomans. After these occupation, Ottoman army led by the Bıyıklı Mehmed Pasha, prepared for the next battles against Safavids Battle of Koçhisar

• Algiers expedition (1516)
• Algiers expedition (1519)
• Capture of Peñón of Algiers
• Battle of Formentera
• Siege of Coron
• Conquest of Tunis (1534)
• Conquest of Tunis (1535)
• Sack of Mahón
• Siege of Castelnuovo
• Battle of Preveza
• Battle of Girolata
• Algiers expedition
• Siege of Tripoli (1551)
• Capture of Béjaïa (1555)
• Siege of Oran (1556)
• Raid of the Balearic islands (1558)
• Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)
• Battle of Djerba
• Great Siege of Malta
• Capture of Tunis (1569)
• Battle of Lepanto
• Conquest of Tunis (1574)

• Spanish Empire
• Kingdom of Naples
• Kingdom of Sicily
• Duchy of Burgundy
  Duchy of Savoy
• Malta
• Republic of Genoa
• Papal States
• Republic of Florence
• Hafsid Kingdom

• Algeria, Tunisia and Libya became Ottoman territory

• After the battle, Beylik of Dulkadir ceased to exist. It was converted to an Ottoman sanjak, (Ottoman administrative unit). The first governor of the sanjak became Ali Bey of the Dulkadir. Hadim Sinan Pasha was promoted to be the grand vizier. The next year, Selim I waged a war against Egypt, and Egypt as well as Syria and Palestine came under the Ottoman rule.

• Ottomans take over the entire Mamluk Sultanate, including Cairo, Mecca, Aleppo and Damascus
• Ottoman Sultans become Caliphs of the Islamic world and the most powerful Muslim leader

• In March 1516 under the command of Deli Husrev Pasha the Ottomans laid siege to Harput. The siege lasted for three days until Harput was conquered on 26 March.

• Ottoman armies annex Southeastern Anatolia, Northeastern Syria and North Iraq

• Ottomans capture Mosul

• End of Portuguese blockade in Red Sea
• Jeddah, the remaining stronghold of the Mamluk sultanate, is captured by Selim I

• Ottoman Corsair Oruç Reis in control of territory size of 1916 French Algeria

• The rebellions were suppressed bloodily

• Battle of Perlis River
• Ottoman embassy to Aceh
• Siege of Malacca (1568)
• Battle of Duyon River

• Ottoman Empire
• Sultanate of Kalinyamat
• Sultanate of Golkonda
• Dutch East India Company

• Portuguese India
• Portuguese Malacca

Supported by:

• Kingdom of Aru
• Sultanate of Johor
• Sultanate of Kedah
• Sultanate of Pasai
• Sultanate of Pedir
• Sultanate of Perak
• Sultanate of Perlis

• Suleiman I conquers the Hungarian stronghold of Belgrade, exposing the weakness of the Hungarian Nobility, something he would exploit at Mohács

• In 1520 Suleiman the Magnificent ascended to the throne. The Ottomans under the leadership of Ahmed Pasha conquered the fortress of Šabac on 7 July in 1521. In the conquest. All of its defenders were killed. After its conquest Suleiman said that it was one of the cities he had conquered and that it must be improved. He ordered towers to be built around the fortress and a moat around it filled with water from Sava. Suleiman spent 10 full days on the Sava at Šabac overseeing the construction of the pontoon bridge.

• Ottoman Empire annexes Rhodes
• Knights move initially to Sicily, but then to Malta, Gozo, and Tripoli
• Ottoman supremacy over trade in the Eastern Mediterranean is secured

• In 1523 under the orders of Kanuni, Captain Selman Reis went on an expedition in the Red Sea. During this expedition Selman Reis discovered that the Kamaran Island was occupied by the Portuguese,The Portuguese used their base to raid the coast of Arabia, Salman Reis and Husayn al Rumi had an Ottoman force composed of 4,000 men. After their arrival in Yemen, the Ottomans attacked the Portuguese which resulted in the complete destruction and expulsion of Portuguese forces and the occupation of the island by the Ottomans.

• Crimean Khanate

Kingdom of Croatia
Crown of Bohemia
Holy Roman Empire
Duchy of Bavaria
Papal States

• End of Ottoman–Hungarian wars
• Start of Ottoman–Habsburg wars
• Collapse and partition of Medieval Hungary and Hungary never regained its former political power
• End of Middle Ages in Central Europe

In Hungary and Balkans

• Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
• Balkan campaign of 1529
• Little War in Hungary
• Siege of Vienna
• Siege of Szigetvár
• Long Turkish War
• Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)
• Great Turkish War
• Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
• Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
• Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)

In Mediterranean

• Battle of Formentera
• Siege of Coron
• Conquest of Tunis (1535)
• Sack of Mahón
• Siege of Castelnuovo
• Battle of Girolata
• Battle of Alboran
• Algiers expedition
• Capture of Mahdia
• Siege of Oran
• Ottoman raid of the Balearic islands
• Battle of Djerba
• Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir
• Great Siege of Malta
• Battle of Lepanto
• Conquest of Tunis (1574)
• Battle of Cape Corvo
• Battle of Cape Celidonia

Vassals:

• Moldavia
• Transylvania
• Wallachia
• Cossack Hetmanate (Doroshenko's faction)
• Crimean Khanate

Holy Roman Empire

• Archduchy of Austria
• Kingdom of Bohemia
• Republic of Genoa

Kingdom of Hungary

• Kingdom of Croatia

Spanish Empire
Non-Habsburg allies:
Moldavia
Transylvania
Wallachia
Tsardom of Russia
Cossack Hetmanate (Muscovite and Polish vassals)
Holy League Allies:
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Duchy of Mantua
Republic of Venice
Order of Saint John

End of Ottoman expansion

• Decline of both the Ottoman and Habsburg empires
• Prolonged military conflict contributed to decline of both Ottomans and Habsburgs which caused significant shift in the balance of power from both of these empires to the emerging France, Britain and Russia

• Austria occupies Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, Buda, and Székesfehérvár while Suleiman takes no action immediately despite his vassals' pleas

• Ottomans re-occupy Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, and Buda, reversing all of Ferdinand I's gains in his invasion of Hungary the previous year

Ottoman Empire

Portuguese Empire (1541–43)

• Withdrawal of the few remaining Adal-Ottoman troops from the Ethiopian Highlands after the death of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

• Moldavia

• Kingdom of Bohemia
• Electorate of the Palatinate

Spanish Empire
Kabyle soldiers

• Suleiman fails to conquer Vienna
• Ferdinand unable to counter-attack after Suleiman lays waste to Styria and Habsburg Hungary

Moldavia
Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Wallachia
Supported by:
France

• Habsburg Austria
• Kingdom of Bohemia

Royal Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Spain
Papal States

• Hungary divided into larger Ottoman and smaller Habsburg spheres of influence, as well as a semi-independent Ottoman vassal state of Transylvania

• Khoja Zufar prevented the Portuguese from entering al-Shihr, he defeated and drove out the Portuguese forces.

• Ottomans gain large parts of Mesopotamia, Western Kurdistan, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia
• Persians retain Tabriz, Eastern Georgia, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Kurdistan, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan and the rest of their north-western borders as they were prior to the war
• Erzurum, Van, and Shahrizor become buffer zones
• Kars is declared a neutral zone

• Although the Ottoman army reached Sultaniye under difficult conditions, they could not find any trace of the Shah. From here, the Ottoman army headed towards Baghdad, struggling with the difficult terrain and climatic conditions. Baghdad was easily captured by the Ottoman forces on November 28, 1534, after the Safavid forces under the command of Tekelü Mehmed Khan, who were defending Baghdad, fled the city.

• Tunis captured by Barbarossa

• Republic of Genoa
• County of Flanders

Habsburg Spain

• Kingdom of Naples
• Kingdom of Sicily

Hafsid dynasty
Kingdom of Portugal
Papal States
Knights of Malta

• Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary.

Regency of Algiers
Kingdom of France

• Franco-Ottoman alliance strengthened and Charles V forced to negotiate peace to avoid two-front war
• Spain strengthens control over Italy
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V loses to Ottomans at Preveza

• Ottomans take Klis

France

• Kingdom of Naples
• Kingdom of Sicily

Republic of Genoa
Papal States
Knights of Malta

• Venice loses most foreign possessions and can no longer take on the Ottoman navy

• Siege of Diu (1538)
• Battle of Suakin (1541)
• Attack on Jeddah (1541)
• Battle of El Tor
• Battle of Suez (1541)
• Ethiopian–Adal War
• Capture of Aden (1548)
• Siege of Qatif (1551)
• Ottoman campaign against Hormuz
• Battle of the Strait of Hormuz (1553)
• Battle of the Gulf of Oman
• Red Sea Campaign (1556)
• Ottoman expeditions to Indian Ocean

• Ottoman Egypt
• Ottoman Arabia

Gujarat Sultanate

Adal Sultanate

• Portuguese India
• Kingdom of Hormuz

Ethiopian Empire

• Portugal maintains control of the Persian Gulf
• Ottomans expand their influence in the Red Sea, annexing Yemen and the west bank of the Red Sea (coastal strip of Sudan and Eritrea)

Regency of Algiers
France

• Swiss mercenaries
  Jülich-Cleves-Berg

• Saxony
• Brandenburg

Spain
Kingdom of England

• No territorial changes for Ottomans
• Barbarossa increases Ottoman control over the Mediterranean with the Sack of Nice

• Principality of Guria

• The victory at Sokhoista gave to the Ottomans the upper hand in southwestern Caucasus and allowed them to overrun Samtskhe, where they installed their protégé, atabek Kaikhosro III. Tortum, İspir, and Pasin were detached from Samtskhe and annexed to the Ottoman Empire.

• Ottomans conquer Adjara

• Capture of Mahdia
• Siege of Tripoli
• Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)
• Capture of Béjaïa
• Raid of the Balearic islands
• Expedition to Mostaganem
• Battle of Djerba
• Part of German-Ottoman war 1550–1562, Spanish-Ottoman Wars of 1515–1577 and Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco

• Regency of Algiers
• Regency of Tunis

Saadi Sultanate

• Béjaïa under Ottoman rule.
• Ottomans capture Tripoli.
• Mahdia was abandoned by Spain.
• Ottomans temporarily occupy parts of the Balearics.
• Ottoman supremacy on Mediterranean sea seizured until Battle of Lepanto.

• Ottomans conquer Tripoli

• Gozo population decimated and majority of islanders forced into slavery

Kingdom of France
Swiss mercenaries
Republic of Siena
Papal States

• Spanish Empire
• Duchy of Mantua
• Republic of Florence
• Duchy of Savoy

Kingdom of England

• Spanish-Imperial victory
• Ottoman victory in the Mediterranean
• Dragut's numerous victories against Genoese and Habsburgian fleets gives it near dominance in the Mediterranean
• France occupies Calais from English
• France cedes Corsica to Genoa after Dragut conquered it for the Franco-Ottoman alliance

Hungary
Spain
Bohemia
Holy Roman Empire

• Ottomans conquer Temesvár but fail to take Eger

Medri Bahri

Adal Sultanate

• Establishment of Habesh Eyalet.

• Capture of Fez (1554)
• Capture of Fez (1576)

• Regency of Algiers

Kingdom of Kuku

Principality of Debdou

Wattasid Sultanate (1554)

Abd al-Malik Forces (1576)

• Ottoman Algerian forces conquer Fez and then Marrakesh. Installing vassal rulers on Morocco.

• Regency of Algiers

Kingdom of Beni Abbas

• Moroccan failure to conquer Algeria.

• Siege of Bahrain
• Battle of Kamaran Island (1560)

• Ottoman Arabia

Ajuran Sultanate

• Portuguese India
• Kingdom of Hormuz

• Portuguese tactical victory

Spanish Empire
Papal States
Duchy of Savoy
Order of Saint John

• Dragut ensures Ottoman naval superiority

Supported by:

• Sultanate of Ternate
• Bruneian empire
• Ottoman Empire

• Captaincy General of the Philippines

• Christian Victory
• Dragut dies in action leading to conflict between remaining Ottoman generals
• Myth of Ottoman Invincibility in Europe destroyed

• Eastern Hungarian Kingdom

• Kingdom of Hungary
  Kingdom of Croatia

• Suleiman the Magnificent dies in his tent before the final assault.
• The whole Hungarian-Croatian army (2300–3000) is killed, Miklós IV Zrínyi is killed in the final battle.
• Miklós IV Zrínyi ordered a fuse be lit to the powder magazine. After cutting down the last of the defenders the Ottoman Army entered the remains of Szigetvár and fell into the trap. 3,000 Turks perished in the explosion.
• 20,000–30,000 Ottomans were killed.
• Ottomans captured Szigetvár fortress and it became part of Budin Eyalet

• Muslim resistance

  ---

• British supporters
• Bruneian and Ottoman supporters
• Japanese and Chinese supporters

• New Spain
• Filipino loyalists

• Most revolts failed

• Ottomans capture Chyhyryn
• Treaty of Constantinople 1570

• The Russians defeat the Crimean Tatars at the Battle of Molodi in 1572

• Cyprus under Ottoman rule

• Republic of Venice
• Spanish Empire (with Naples and Sicily)
• Republic of Genoa
• Papal States
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• Duchy of Savoy
• Duchy of Urbino
• Order of Saint John

• Ottomans capture Tunis

• Beylerbeylik of Algiers

• Abd al-Malik Forces

• Ottoman force conquers Fez and then Marrakesh
• Abd al-Malek assumes rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal

• Captaincy General of the Philippines
• Pro-Spanish Bruneians

• The Burning and destruction of the Bruneian Mosque of Kota Batu and the Spanish retreating to Manila
• Sultan Saiful Rijal 's reconstruction of the Capital of the Sultanate
• Brunei ceasing to be an empire at sea
• Spanish-Bruneian relations improved

• Death of Abd al-Malik, Abdallah Mohammed and Sebastian of Portugal

• Ottomans gain the Safavid provinces of Georgia, the Erivan Province, Daghestan, Shirvan, Karabakh, Lorestan, Khuzestan, and most of Azerbaijan
• Treaty of Constantinople (1590)

Adal Sultanate

supported by:

• Mogadishu
• Barawa
• Lamu
• Pate
• Faza
• Mombasa
• Pemba

supported by:

• Malindi
• Zimbas

• Portuguese control in the South East African coast restored and Mir Ali Bey captured

• Khanate of Crimea

• Habsburg Monarchy
• Saxony
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• Duchy of Ferrara
• Duchy of Mantua
• Duchy of Savoy
• Knights of St. Stephen
• Kingdom of Hungary
• Kingdom of Croatia
• Duchy of Carniola

Principality of Transylvania

Wallachia

Moldavia

France

Spain

• Spanish Netherlands
• Spanish Italy
  • Kingdom of Sicily
  • Kingdom of Naples

Zaporozhian Cossacks

Serbian hajduks

Papal States

• Peace of Zsitvatorok

• Rebellion suppressed by the Ottoman Empire

• Rebellion Suppressed

• King Simon, was taken captive.

• Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612)
• Safavids regain control over the territories ceded in 1590 to the Ottomans; Azerbaijan, Georgia, Erivan Province, Daghestan, Shirvan, Karabakh, Lorestan, and Khuzestan

• Treaty of Serav (1618)
• The terms of the treaty was similar to those of treaty of Nasuh Pasha with several minor rectifications of the border line Also, the annual tribute of the Persian side was reduced from 200 loads to 100 loads.

• The Georgians, led by Giorgi Saakadze won a victory over the Ottoman Turks.

• Beneficial treaty in favor of the Ottoman Empire, Poland withdraws behind the Dniester, the Ottomans renew their suzerainty over the Danubian principalities
• Treaty of Khotyn

• Fakhreddine captures Mustafa Pasha
• Beylerbey confirms the Ma'ns' governorships

• Permanent partition of the Caucasus; Western Georgia and Western Armenia goes to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, Eastern and Southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control over Mesopotamia

• Revolts suppressed

• Abduction of 400-800 Icelanders

• Crete conquered by the Ottoman Empire
  Venetian gains in Dalmatia

• Maʿnīs lost control of Safad

 Kingdom of France
 Holy Roman Empire

•  Electorate of Saxony
•  Brandenburg-Prussia
•  Electorate of Bavaria
•  Baden-Baden
•  Swabia

 Piedmont-Savoy
 Kingdom of Hungary
 Kingdom of Croatia
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

• Peace of Vasvár
• The Ottomans retain Oradea in Transylvania and gain Nové Zámky from the Kingdom of Hungary
• Construction of a Habsburg fort along the Waag river, and granted a twenty-year truce.

• Treaty of Buchach: Ottoman Empire wins control over parts of Podolia and parts of Central Ukraine. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is turned into a fief of the Ottoman Empire during 4 years.
• Treaty of Żurawno: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth regains Bila Tserkva and Pavoloch

• The border between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was to constitute the river Dnipro, with Russia being awarded Kiev together with the towns of Stajki, Trypillia, Vasylkiv, Didowszczyzna, Radomyshl, located on the right "Ottoman" bank of the river, the Ottoman Empire recognized the sovereignty of Russia over Left-bank Ukraine.
• Treaty of Bakhchisarai

Vassal states:

• Crimean Khanate
• Shamkhalate of Tarki
• Upper Hungary (1683–5)
• Moldavia
• Wallachia
• Transylvania

• Habsburg monarchy
• Bavaria
• Franconia
• Saxony
• Swabia
• Duchy of Styria
• Royal Hungary
• Kingdom of Croatia
• Duchy of Mantua

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Tsardom of Russia

• Cossack Hetmanate

Republic of Venice
Spanish Empire
Montenegro
Albanian rebels
Serbian rebels
Greek rebels
Bulgarian rebels
Romanian rebels
Croatian rebels

• Treaty of Karlowitz
• Ottoman decline in Europe
• The Habsburg monarchy wins lands in Hungary, the Principality of Transylvania and the Balkans.
• Poland-Lithuania captures Podolia.
• Russia captures the port of Azov.
• Venice captures Morea and inner Dalmatia.
• Montenegro gains de facto independence.

• Rebellion Suppressed

• Rebellion Suppressed

• Rebellion Suppressed
• Ottomans suppressed rebellions in Kratovo, Kriva Palanka, Kumanovo and Skopje

• Russo-Turkish War
• Skirmish at Bender

• Sweden was defeated
• Ottoman victory in Pruth River
• The Tsardom of Russia establishes itself as a new power in Europe
• Treaty of the Pruth: Azov area is ceded back to the Ottoman Empire. Russia demolishes strategic castles such as Taganrog. Charles XII of Sweden gets safe passage from Turkey to Sweden in 1711.

• Russians would not interfere in Polish's internal affairs.
• Russians will not have a permanent ambassador in Istanbul.
• They would allow Swedish King return to his country freely.
• Azov returns to Ottoman territory. Taganrog and other Russian fortresses are destroyed.
• Treaty of Pruth

• The Swedish King and the soldiers were captured by the Turks and taken prisoner.

• Morea ceded back to Ottoman Empire

• The Banat, Serbia, Oltenia and portions of northern Bosnia were ceded to the Habsburgs
• Treaty of Passarowitz

• Ottoman political gains, annexing territories in Zanjan, Soltaniyeh, and Abhar.
• Hotak military victory, Ottoman recognition of Hotaks as Shah of Iran
• Treaty of Hamedan

• Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus.
• Ottoman Empire recognized Nader as the new shah of Persia
• Ottoman Empire conceded Caucasus to Persia
• The Ottomans also agreed to allow the Iranian hajis (pilgrims) to Mecca (then under Ottoman control)
• Treaty of Constantinople

• Grand Vizier Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha was executed.
• Ahmed III had to abdicate the throne. Mahmud I ascended the throne.

• Spanish reconquest of Oran
• Spanish reconquest of Mers el-Kebir

• Azov Castle was destroyed, its territory became the border between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
• Russians will withdraw from Crimea.
• Ottoman Empire cedes Azov to Russia.
• Treaty of Niš

• Habsburg monarchy cedes Kingdom of Serbia, Oltenia, southern Banat to Ottoman Empire
• Treaty of Belgrade

• The boundary line between the two countries was the same boundary line drawn roughly a century earlier according to the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 (i.e., which included roughly the demarcation of the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines).
• Treaty of Kerden, Status Quo Ante Bellum

• Principality of Mingrelia
• Principality of Guria
• Principality of Abkhazia (Samurzakano)

• After the battle of Khresili, in 1758–1766, the Ottomans attacked Imereti many times, but they could not subjugate Solomon I. Ottomans were eventually forced to sign a treaty with the kingdom of Imereti

• Ottoman Empire cedes Kerch, Enikale and part of Yedisan to Russia.
  Crimean Khanate becomes a Russian client state.
• Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

• Ottoman military victory
• Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

• Ottoman retreat

• Basra captured by the Zands
• Change of territories for the benefit of the Safavids for 4 years and restoration of the previous borders after the peace.

• Orșova and Croatian borderlands ceded to the Habsburg monarchy
• Treaty of Sistova
• After this treaty, the two empires never fought each other until their collapse after WWI

• Russian annexation of Ottoman Sanjak of Özi Yedisan or Ochacov Oblast
  Local Black Sea Cossack Host deported to Kuban as a "reward"
• Treaty of Jassy

• French Revolutionary Wars
• War of the Second Coalition

• Eyalet of Egypt
• Mamluks
• Nablus Tribesman
• Albanian Bashi-bazouks

Great Britain (1798–1800)
United Kingdom (1801)
Regency of Algiers

• Formal end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance
• Failure of French expedition to Syria
• Capitulation of French administration in Egypt
• Establishment of Septinsular Republic under Ottoman and Russian protectorate.

• French Revolutionary Wars
• War of the Second Coalition

• Napoleonic Wars

• As the threat from France increased, the war ended and Russia withdrew from Wallachia and Moldavia.
• Treaty of Bucharest

• Napoleonic Wars

• Commercial and legal concessions to British interests within the Ottoman Empire
• Promise to protect the empire against French encroachment
• Treaty of the Dardanelles

Supported by:
France

Supported by:
Russia (1807–12)

• Treaty of Bucharest

• Egypt Eyalet

• End of the First Saudi State

• Establishment of the autonomous Principality of Serbia
• Ottoman Empire loses control over the Sanjak of Smederevo

• Egypt

• Conquest of the region and start of Turco-Egyptian Sudan rule.

• Danubian Sich
• Arnauts

Austrian Empire

• Moldavian insurgents

• Wallachian Divan (conservative)
• Arnauts

• End of the Phanariote Era

• Egypt
• Algeria
• Tripolitania
• Tunis

• First Hellenic Republic established and recognized

• Recognition of the border established by the Treaty of Zuhab (1639)
• Treaty of Erzurum

• In recognition of the Treaty of London, the independence of Greece, or autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty, was accepted.
• The Ottoman Empire had nominal suzerainty over the Danube states of Moldavia and Wallachia; for all practical purposes, they
• were independent.
• Russia took control of the towns of Anape and Poti in Caucasus.
• The Russian traders in Turkey were placed under the legal jurisdiction of the Russian ambassador.
• Treaty of Adrianople

• Regency of Algiers

Emirate of Abdelkader
Kingdom of Ait Abbas
Kel Ahaggar
Sultanate of Morocco

• Pacification of Algeria

• Rebellion suppressed by the Ottoman Empire
• Herzegovina Eyalet was seceded from Bosnia Eyalet
• Ayan system was abolished

• Egypt gained the Aleppo Vilayet and the Syria Vilayet.
• Convention of Kütahya
• Egypt becomes an autonomous vassal of the Ottoman Empire
• Unresolved tensions result in a second war six years later

• Egypt

• Ethiopia retains territorial integrity and independence
• Ottoman-Egyptians expand south into the Great Lakes region

• Revolts begin in protest to new Ottoman reforms in Albania
• Following this, many revolts follow in the coming decades

• Shkodër is captured by the Rebels.
• Ottomans unsuccessfully besiege Shkodër for three months.
• The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands.
• Violations of agreements by the Ottomans in 1835 starts another revolt

• Large areas of Southern Albania are captured by the Rebels, including the Castle of Berat
• The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands

• Berat is captured by the Rebels after two months of siege
• The Ottomans give in to Albanian demands in January 1835 following the fall of Berat
• Agreements of peace are violated by the Ottomans later in 1835, starting another revolt

• Rebels march against Ioannina
• Ottoman reinforcements force the Rebels to retreat

• Large areas of North Albania rise up in revolt, with Shkodër besieged and the rebels defeat the Ottomans in battle
• Albanian reinforcements to the Shkodrans are sent from Postribe, Kosovo, Malësia, Ulqin (now Ulcinj), Podgorica, Mirditë, Mat and Dibra
• Ottoman forces are defeated in battle by the insurgents in July
• Ottomans trick many rebels into withdrawing through a false ceasefire, and successfully capture Lezhë in order to relieve Shkodër
• Ottomans carry out Albanian demands in order to calm the situation

• Albanian rebellion in Vlora is suppressed

• Egypt

• Khalid bin Saud Al Saud appointed as ruler of Najd on behalf of the Ottoman Empire
• Mehmet Ali occupies Najd, al-Hasa and Qatif and gains the submission of Bahrain, Qatar and Trucial Oman

• Rebellion in Mat is suppressed

• Rebel victory at the Battle of Berat.
• Rebel defeat at the Battle of Frakulla.
• Local leaders captured and rebellion in Myzeqe is suppressed

• Gjakova, Pejë, Plava, Gucia are captured by the rebels but then retaken by the Ottomans

• Upper and Lower Dibër are captured by the rebels
• Ottomans meet rebel demands

• Berat is besieged and the rebellion spreads to the Sanjak of Vlora
• Ottomans meet Albanian demands

• Prizren is captured by rebels in protest of new reforms
• Ottomans drop reforms and the revolt ends

• Egypt renounced its claim to Syria
• Convention of London enforced by allied powers Ottoman failure to take Syria by military force
• Recognition of Muhammad Ali and his descendants as legitimate rulers of Egypt

• Albanians under Dervish Cara capture large areas in northern Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia.
• Ottomans promise Albanian autonomy but then launch an invasion, retaking areas and suppressing the rebellion, aided by Catholic Mirdita tribesmen under Bibë Dodë

• Rebels defeat the Ottomans in four separate battles and besiege the castles of Berat and Gjirokastër. Large areas of Southern Albania are captured.
• Ottomans organise a false amnesty, in which many of the rebel leaders are captured.
• Ottomans lift the sieges and areas are retaken

• Liberals
• Nationalists

• Gheorghe Bibescu overthrown
• Provisional government formed
• Conservative coup d'état
• Wallachia invaded by the Russian and Ottoman Empires
• Revolution suppressed
• Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei brought to the throne

• Without significant territorial changes

• Egypt
• Tunis

• Mingrelia

• Treaty of Paris

• Convention of Scutari

• Ottoman troops pillage Alabaş
• Ottoman troops withdraw from the region

Egypt

• Suppression of the revolt

Egypt

• Hewett Treaty

• Aided by:
• Montenegro
• Serbia

• Revolt suppressed

• Uprising suppressed; Suppression led to the Constantinople Conference, then to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and ultimately to the Liberation of Bulgaria

• Montenegro gains the towns of Nikšić,
  Kolašin, Spuž, Podgorica, Žabljak and Bar.
• Montenegro's territory increases from 4,405 km² to 9,475 km²
• De jure independence of Montenegro
• Treaty of San Stefano
• Treaty of Berlin

• Egypt

• Montenegro
• Russian Volunteers
• Bulgarian Volunteers

• British public opinion turns against the Ottomans
• Russian-mediated truce

Bulgarian volunteers
Serbia
Montenegro

• Treaty of San Stefano
• Treaty of Berlin
• Treaty of Constantinople
• Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state
• De jure independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from Turkey
• The annexation of Kars and Batum into Russia
• Kars and Batum Oblasts become part of the Russian Empire, Britain occupies Cyprus, Austria-Hungary occupies Bosnia
• Russian annexation of Southern Bessarabia from Romania, Romanian annexation of Northern Dobruja
• Official recognition of de facto and de jure independence of the Balkan states.

• De jure independence of Serbia
• Tens of thousands of Turkish, Jewish and Albanian civilians expelled

• Bosnia

• Incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina into Austria-Hungary

• Egypt

Supported By:
France
Britain

• League of Prizren

• The Albanians clashed with the Ottomans at the Kodra e Kuqe, near the village of Kllezna. The Albanians defeated the first wave of Ottoman forces but when reinforcements arrived the Albanians were temporarily defeated and returned. The commander Isuf Sokoli was wounded and died later that day. In 1880, on 23 November, the Ottomans continued to march in the city and surrendered the city to the Montenegrin army. The city had officially been handed over to Montenegro and after a 30-month-long negotiation process, with European powers involved, the battle ended.

• Ottoman Tunisia

• Tunisia becomes a French protectorate

• Bombardment of Alexandria

Egypt

• British Raj

• British occupation of Egypt
• British intervention in Sudan

• Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Romania and the Ottoman Empire fight a four way war
• War end inconclusively after Young Turk Revolution
• Bulgaria gains full independence in 1908

• Relinquishment of Qatari captives
• Eventual independence of Qatar from the Ottoman Empire

• Italian volunteers
• Armenian volunteers

• Small parts of Thessaly ceded to the Ottoman Empire

• Establishment of the Cretan State
• Withdraw of Ottoman forces from Crete

• Suppression of the uprising
• Direct involvement of Russian and the Austro-Hungarian Empires to resolve the Macedonian issue and implementation of the Mürzsteg reforms
• Ottoman reprisals against Christian civilians
• 30,000 refugees flee to Tsardom of Bulgaria.

• Rebellion brutally suppressed

• CUP

Ottoman Army

• Third Army
• Second Army
• First Army

• Second Constitutional Era begins
• Repromulgation of the Constitution
• Reinstatement of the parliament
• General elections are called

• Areas of the Kosovo Vilayet captured by the Rebels are partially retaken by the Ottomans
• Ottomans invade Shkodër and Dibran territories, including Debre
• Rebellion suppressed
• Rebels limited to the highlands

• The Ottomans peacefully pacify the rebels

• Italy gains Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Fezzan and the Dodecanese Islands
• annexation of Libya
• Start of the First Balkan War
• The Ottoman Empire lost its last land in Africa
• Treaty of Ushi

• Albanian Rebels capture Üsküp and all of the Kosovo Vilayet, large parts of the Scutari Vilayet and Dibër (Debar) in the Monastir Vilayet
• Ottomans agree to Albanian demands, including the formation of the Albanian Vilayet. However the outbreak of the First Balkan War prevents this vilayet from de facto forming

• The western border of the Ottoman Empire will be the Midye-Enez line.
• Thessaloniki, Southern Macedonia will be given to Greece.
• The Ottoman Empire renounced all its rights on the island of Crete in favor of the allied forces.
• Central and Northern Macedonia will be left to Serbia.
• Determining the future of the Aegean Islands will be left to the great powers. (The Ottoman Empire officially lost the Aegean Islands.)
• Treaty of London

• Romania
• Greece
• Montenegro

• Bulgarian defeat
• Treaty of Bucharest
• Treaty of Constantinople

• Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
• Eastern Front
• Balkans theatre

Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria

France
British Empire

• United Kingdom
• Canada
• Newfoundland
• Australia
• New Zealand
• India
• South Africa

Russian Empire
United States
Italy
Japan
China
Serbia
Montenegro
Romania
Belgium
Greece
Portugal
Brazil

• Armistice of 11 November 1918
• Paris Peace Conference
• Communist Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, with the subsequent formation of the Soviet Union after
• Establishment of the Weimar Republic
• The rise of the United States position
• Transfer of German colonies and territories to other countries, partition of the Ottoman Empire, dissolution of Austria-Hungary
• Turkish War of Independence
• Creation of the League of Nations

• German Caucasus expedition
• Armenian–Azerbaijani War
• Battle of Baku

German Empire (1917–1918)
Ottoman Empire (1917–1918)
Azerbaijan (1918)
Finland (1918–1919)
Georgia
Austria-Hungary (1917–1918)
Ukrainian State (1918)

Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
Commune of Estonia
Lithuanian SSR
Latvian SSR

Republic of Aras (1918–1919)

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (since April 1920)

• Soviet Azerbaijan (since April 1920)

United Kingdom
Centrocaspian Dictatorship

• Constantinople Military occupation by the United Kingdom, followed by France and Italy, then abandoned.
• Britain officially dismantled the Ottoman Empire parliament on 16 March 1920 and restored it on 9 September 1922 to the Ankara Government

• Kuva-yi Inzibatiye (in 1920)

Georgia (in 1921)

• Grand National Assembly (after 1920)
  • Kuva-yi Nizamiye
• Kuva-yi Milliye (until 1920)

Supported by:
Russian SFSR
Azerbaijan SSR
Georgian SSR
Bukharan PSR
Afghanistan
All-India Muslim League Italy

Treaty of Lausanne

• Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate
• Withdrawal of Allied forces from occupied lands of Turkey
• Establishment of the Republic of Turkey
• Starting of the series of reforms led by Atatürk