List of language regulators
This is a list of bodies that consider themselves to be authorities on standard languages, often called language academies. Language academies are motivated by, or closely associated with, linguistic purism and prestige, and typically publish prescriptive dictionaries, which purport to officiate and prescribe the meaning of words and pronunciations. A language regulator may also have a more descriptive approach, however, while maintaining and promoting (but not imposing) a standard spelling. Many language academies are private institutions, although some are governmental bodies in different states, or enjoy some form of government-sanctioned status in one or more countries. There may also be multiple language academies attempting to regulate and codify the same language, sometimes based in different countries and sometimes influenced by political factors.
Many world languages have one or more language academies or official language bodies. However, the degree of control that the academies exert over these languages does not render the latter controlled natural languages in the sense that the various kinds of "simple English" (e.g. Basic English, Simplified Technical English) or George Orwell's fictional Newspeak are. They instead remain natural languages to a considerable extent and are thus not formal languages such as Attempto Controlled English. They have a degree of standardization that allows them to function as standard languages (e.g. standard French). The English language has never had a formal regulator anywhere, outside of private productions such as the Oxford Dictionary.
Natural languages
| Language | Territory | Regulator(s) | Founded |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amis | Republic of China | Council of Indigenous Peoples | 1996 |
| Afrikaans |
South Africa Namibia |
Die Taalkommissie (The Language Commission) | 1909 |
| Akan | Ghana | Akan Orthography Committee (AOC) | |
| Albanian | Albania | Academy of Sciences of Albania | 1972 |
| Kosovo | Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosovo | 1975 | |
| Arabic | Arab League | Academy of the Arabic Language (مجمع اللغة العربية) | |
| Algeria | Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria (المجلس الأعلى للغة العربية بالجزائر) | 1996 | |
| Egypt | Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo (مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة) | 1932 | |
| Iraq | Iraqi Academy of Sciences (المجمع العلمي العراقي) | 1948 | |
| Jordan | Jordan Academy of Arabic (مجمع اللغة العربية الأردني) | 1924 | |
| Libya | Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya | ||
| Morocco | Academy of the Arabic Language in Morocco | 1960 | |
| Saudi Arabia | King Salman Global Academy for Arabic Language (مجمع الملك سلمان العالمي للغة العربية) | ||
| Somalia | Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu | ||
| Sudan | Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum | ||
| Syria | Academy of the Arabic Language in Damascus (مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق) | 1918 | |
| Tunisia | Beit Al-Hikma Foundation (مؤسسة بيت الحكمة) | 1992 | |
|
Israel Palestine |
Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel (مجمع اللغة العربية) | 2007 | |
| Aragonese | Aragon | Instituto de l´aragonés (Previously: Academy of the Aragonese) | 2013 |
| Armenian | Armenia | Armenian National Academy of Sciences (Հայաստան) | 1943 |
| Assamese | India | Asam Sahitya Sabha (অসম সাহিত্য সভা) | 1917 |
| Asturian | Asturias | Academy of the Asturian Language (Academia de la Llingua Asturiana) | 1980 |
| Azerbaijani |
Azerbaijan Iran |
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası) | 1945 |
| Balochi |
Iran Pakistan Afghanistan Oman |
Balochi Academy Sarbaz (بلۏچی زبانءِ ربیدجاہ) | 2017 |
| Basque |
Basque Country Navarre French Basque Country |
Euskaltzaindia, often translated as Royal Academy of the Basque language | 1918 |
| Belarusian | Belarus | The Jakub Kolas and Janka Kupala Institute of Language and Literature at the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus | 1929 |
| Bengali (Bangla) | Bangladesh | Bangla Academy (বাংলা একাডেমি) | 1955 |
| India | Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি) | 1986 | |
| Berber | Morocco | Royal Institute of Amazight Culture | 2001 |
| Algeria | Haut-Conseil à l'amazighité (High Commission for Amazighity) | 1995 | |
| Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language | 2017 | ||
| Bhojpuri | India | Bhojpuri Academy, Bihar | |
| Maithili - Bhojpuri Academy, Delhi | |||
| Bhojpuri Sahitya Academy, Madhya Pradesh | |||
| Central Bikol | Philippines | Academia Bicolana defunct | |
| Bosnian |
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sandžak |
University of Sarajevo | |
| Breton | Brittany | Public Office for the Breton Language (Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg) | 2010 |
| Bulgarian | Bulgaria | Institute for Bulgarian Language at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences | 1942 |
| Burmese | Myanmar | Myanmar Language Commission ( မြန်မာစာအဖွဲ့) | 1963 |
| Catalan | Catalonia | Institute for Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans) | 1907 |
| Valencian Community | Valencian Language Academy (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua) | 2001 | |
| Cebuano | Philippines | Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters (Akademyang Bisaya) | |
| Cherokee | Cherokee Nation | Council of the Cherokee Nation (ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ) | |
| Standard Chinese | China | State Language Work Committee (国家语言文字工作委员会) | 1986 |
| Republic of China | Ministry of Education (教育部) | ||
| Singapore | Promote Mandarin Council (讲华语运动理事会) | 1979 | |
| Malaysia | Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia (马来西亚华语规范理事会) | ||
| Cornish | Cornwall | Cornish Language Partnership (Keskowethyans an Taves Kernewek) | 2005 |
| Croatian | Croatia | Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje) | 1948 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | |||
| Czech | Czech Republic | Institute of the Czech Language (of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic) (Ústav pro jazyk český (Akademie věd České republiky)) | 1946 |
| Danish | Denmark | Dansk Sprognævn (Danish Language Council) | 1955 |
| Dalecarlian | Dalarna County | Ulum Dalska | 1984 |
| Divehi | Maldives | Dhivehi Academy (ދިވެހި އެކެޑަމީ) | 2011 |
| Dutch |
Netherlands Belgium Suriname |
Dutch Language Union (Nederlandse Taalunie) | 1980 |
| Dzongkha | Bhutan | Dzongkha Development Commission (རྫོང་ཁ་གོང་འཕེལ་ལྷན་ཚོགས) | 1968 |
| English | Anglosphere | None official, but the principal historical dictionary of the English language is the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) | |
| UK | Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) | 2005 | |
| Estonian | Estonia | Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond (Language Board at the Mother Tongue Society) sets rules and standards, authoritative advice is given by the Institute of the Estonian Language (Eesti Keele Instituut) | 1993 |
| Faroese | Faroe Islands | Faroese Language Board (Málráðið) | 1985 |
| Filipino | Philippines | Commission on the Filipino Language (Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino) | 1937 |
| Finnish | Finland | Institute for the Languages of Finland | 1976 |
| French | France | French Academy (Académie française) | 1635 |
| General Delegation for the French language and the languages of France (Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France) | 1989 | ||
| Belgium | Royal Academy of French Language and Literature of Belgium (Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique) | 1920 | |
| Quebec | Office québécois de la langue française (Québec Office of the French Language) | 1961 | |
| Friulian | Friuli-Venezia Giulia | Agjenzie Regjonâl pe Lenghe Furlane | 2001 |
| Galician | Galicia | Royal Galician Academy (Real Academia Galega) | 1906 |
| Georgian | Georgia (country) | Cabinet of Georgia (საქართველოს მთავრობა) | |
| German |
Germany Austria Switzerland South Tyrol Belgium Alsace Liechtenstein Luxembourg Namibia Syddanmark Opole Voivodeship Silesian Voivodeship |
Council for German Orthography (Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung) | 2004 |
| Greenlandic | Greenland | The Greenland Language Secretariat (Oqaasileriffik) | 1998 |
| Greek |
Greece Cyprus |
Center for the Greek Language (Κέντρον Ελληνικής Γλώσσας) | 1994 |
| Guarani | Paraguay | Guarani Language Academy (Guarani Ñe’ ẽ Rerekuapavẽ) | 2013 |
| Gujarati | India | Gujarat Sahitya Akademi (ગુજરાત સાહિત્ય અકાદમી) | 1981 |
| Hakka | Republic of China | Hakka Affairs Council (客家委員會) | 2001 |
| Haitian Creole | Haiti | Haitian Creole Academy (Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen) | 2014 |
| Hebrew | Israel | Academy of the Hebrew Language (האקדמיה ללשון העברית) | 1890 |
| Hindi | India | Central Hindi Directorate (केन्द्रीय हिन्दी निदेशालय) | 1960 |
| Hmar | India | Hmar Literature Society | |
| Hungarian |
Hungary Slovakia Romania Serbia Austria |
Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics (Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont) | 1949 |
| Icelandic | Iceland | Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies (Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum) | 1962 |
| Igbo | Nigeria | Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture | 1949 |
| Indonesian | Indonesia | Language Development and Fostering Agency (Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa) | 1947 |
| Inuktitut | Canada | Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ) | 1971 |
| Irish |
Ireland Northern Ireland |
Foras na Gaeilge (Irish Institute) | 1999 |
| Italian |
Italy San Marino Switzerland Vatican City Monaco Corsica Istria County Eritrea Libya |
Accademia della Crusca (Academy of the bran) | 1583 |
| Japanese | Japan | National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (国立国語研究所) | 1948 |
| Kabiye | Togo | Kabiye Academy (Académie kabiyè) | 1975 |
| Kannada | Karnataka | Various academies and Government of Karnataka | |
| Kashubian | Poland | The Kashubian Language Council (Radzëzna Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka) | 2006 |
| Kazakh | Kazakhstan | Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Республикасының Ғылым және жоғары білім министрлігі) | 2022 |
| Khmer | Cambodia | Royal Academy of Cambodia (រាជបណ្ឌិត្យសភាកម្ពុជា) | 1965 |
| Korean | South Korea | National Institute of the Korean Language (국립국어원/國立國語院) | 1991 |
| North Korea | The Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science (사회과학원 어학연구소) | ||
| China | China Korean Language Regulatory Commission (중국조선어규범위원회/中国朝鲜语规范委员会) | ||
| Kven | Norway | Kainun institutti – kvensk institutt | 2007 |
| Kurdish | Kurdistan | Kurdish Academy (ئەکادیمیای کوردی) | 1971 |
| Kyrgyz | Kyrgyzstan | National Committee for State Language under the President of the Kyrgyz Republic (Кыргыз Республикасынын Президентине караштуу Мамлекеттик тил боюнча улуттук комиссия) | 2009 |
| Lao | Laos | Educational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports (ສະຖາບັນຄົ້ນຄວ້າວິທະຍາສາດການສືກສາ ກະຊວງສຶກສາທິການ ແລະ ກີລາ) Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, National University of Laos (ສະຖາບັນວິທະຍາສາດສັງຄົມ ຄະນະອັກສອນສາດ ມະຫາວິທະຍາໄລແຫ່ງຊາດລາວ) |
|
| Latin | Holy See | Pontifical Academy for Latin (Pontificia Academia Latinitatis) | 2012 |
| International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy: botanical Latin) | 1867 | ||
| International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: zoological Latin) | 1905 | ||
| Latvian | Latvia | Latvian State Language Center (Valsts Valodas Centrs) | 1992 |
| Lithuanian | Lithuania | Commission of the Lithuanian Language (Valstybinė lietuvių kalbos komisija) | 1990 |
| Lusoga | Uganda | Lusoga Language Authority | |
| Luxembourgish | Luxembourg | Council for the Luxembourgish Language (Conseil fir d'Letzebuerger Sprooch) | 1998 |
| Macedonian | North Macedonia | Linguistics and Literary Science Department at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts | 1967 |
| Malagasy | Madagascar | Malagasy Academy (Académie Malgache) | 1902 |
| Malay | Malaysia | Institute of Language and Literature (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka) | 1956 |
| Brunei | Language and Literature Bureau (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka) | 1960 | |
| Singapore | Majlis Bahasa Melayu Singapura (Malay Language Council, Singapore) | ||
| Malayalam | India | Kerala Sahitya Akademi (കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി) | 1956 |
| Maltese | Malta | National Council for the Maltese Language (Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti) | 2005 |
| Manx | Isle of Man | Manx Language Advisory Council (Coonceil ny Gaelgey) | 1985 |
| Māori | New Zealand | Māori Language Commission (Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Māori) | 1987 |
| Marathi | India | Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad (महाराष्ट्र साहित्य परिषद) | 1906 |
| Meitei (officially called Manipuri) | India | Directorate of Language Planning and Implementation (ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯂꯦꯡꯒ꯭ꯋꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯦꯟ꯭ꯗ ꯏꯝꯄ꯭ꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯁꯟ) | 2013 |
| Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ꯭ꯌ ꯄꯔꯤꯁꯗ) | 1935 | ||
| Mirandese | Portugal | Anstituto de la Lhéngua Mirandesa (Institute of the Mirandese Language) | 2000 |
| Mixtec | Mexico | Academy of the Mixtec Language (Ve'e Tu'un Sávi) | 1997 |
| Khalkha Mongolian | Mongolia | Council of the official state language (Төрийн хэлний зөвлөл). Decisions have to be confirmed by the Mongolian government. | |
| Chakhar Mongolian | China | Council for Language and Literature Work | |
| Nepali | Nepal | Nepal Academy (नेपाल प्रज्ञा–प्रतिष्ठान) | 1957 |
| Northern Frisian |
 North Frisia
|
Northern Frisian Institute (Nordfriisk Instituut) | 1964 |
| Norwegian (Riksmål/Bokmål) | Norway | Norwegian Academy | 1953 |
|
Norwegian Bokmål Norwegian Nynorsk |
Norwegian Language Council | 2005 | |
| Occitan |
Occitania France Spain Monaco Italy |
Occitan Language Council (Conselh de la Lenga Occitana), Permanent Congress of the Occitan Language (Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana), Institute of Aranese Studies (Institut d'Estudis Aranesi) (Aranese) |
1996 |
| Odia | India | Odisha Sahitya Akademi (ଓଡ଼ିଶା ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଏକାଡେମୀ) | 1957 |
| Pashto | Afghanistan | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (د علومو اکاډمي نښه) | 1978 |
| Pakistan | Pashto Academy (پښتو اکېډمي) | 1955 | |
| Persian | Iran | Academy of Persian Language and Literature (فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی) | 1935 |
| Afghanistan | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan (آکادمی علوم افغانستان) | 1978 | |
| Paiwan | Republic of China | Council of Indigenous Peoples | 1996 |
| Polish | Poland | Polish Language Council (Rada Języka Polskiego) | 1996 |
| Portuguese | Portugal | Lisbon Academy of Sciences (Academia das Ciências de Lisboa) | 1779 |
| Brazil | Brazilian Academy of Letters (Academia Brasileira de Letras) | 1897 | |
| Galicia | Galician Academy of the Portuguese Language (Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa) | 2008 | |
| Quechua | Peru | High Academy of the Quechua Language (Qhichwa Simi Hamut'ana Kuraq Suntur) | 1954 |
| Rohingya | Arakan (Rakhine State) | Rohingya Language Academy (𐴌𐴟𐴇𐴥𐴝𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 𐴎𐴟𐴁𐴝𐴕 𐴀𐴠𐴑𐴝𐴋𐴠𐴔𐴞) | |
| Romanian | Romania | Academia Română (Romanian Academy) | 1866 |
| Moldova | Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Academia de Științe a Moldovei) | 1961 | |
| Romansh | Switzerland | Lia Rumantscha | 1919 |
| Russian |
Russia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan |
Russian Language Institute (Институт русского языка) | 1944 |
| Scots | Scotland | Scots Language Centre (Center for the Scots Leid) | 1993 |
| Northern Ireland | Ulster-Scots Agency (Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch) (Ulster Scots dialect) | 1998 | |
| Scottish Gaelic | Scotland | The Gaelic Board (Bòrd na Gàidhlig) | 2006 |
| Secwepemctsín | Canada | Secwepemc Cultural Education Society | 1983 |
| Serbian and Montenegrin |
Serbia Montenegro Srpska |
Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language (Одбор за стандардизацију српског језика) | 1997 |
| Sindhi | Pakistan | Sindhi Language Authority (سنڌي ٻولي جو با اختيار ادارو) | 1992 |
| Sinhala | Sri Lanka | Hela Havula (හෙළ හවුල) | 1941 |
| Slovak | Slovakia | Slovak Academy of Sciences (Slovenská akadémia vied) | 1942 |
| Slovene | Slovenia | Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti) | 1938 |
| Somali |
Djibouti Ethiopia Somalia |
Regional Somali Language Academy (Akademiye Goboleedka Af Soomaaliga) | 2013 |
| Sorbian |
Germany Czech Republic Poland |
Sorbian Institute (Serbski institut) | 1951 |
| Spanish |
Spain Colombia Ecuador Mexico El Salvador Venezuela Chile Peru Guatemala Costa Rica Philippines Panama Cuba Paraguay Bolivia Dominican Republic Nicaragua Argentina Uruguay Honduras Puerto Rico United States Equatorial Guinea Israel |
Association of Spanish Language Academies | 1951 |
| Swahili | Tanzania | National Swahili Council (Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa) | 1967 |
| Kenya | National Kiswahili Association (Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa) | 1998 | |
| Swedish | Sweden | Language Council of Sweden (Språkrådet) | 1941 |
| Swedish Academy (Svenska Akademien) | 1786 | ||
| Finland | Institute for the Languages of Finland | ||
| Tajik |
Tajikistan Uzbekistan |
Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature (Институти забон ва адабиёт ба номи А. Рӯдакии) | 1932 |
| Tamil | India | Tamil University (தமிழ்ப் பல்கலைக்கழகம்) | 1981 |
| Tamil Nadu State Official Language Commission (மாநில அலுவல் மொழி ஆணையம்) | 1965 | ||
| Sri Lanka | Department of Official Languages (அதிகாரப்பூர்வ மொழிகள் துறை) | ||
| Singapore | Tamil Language Council (வளர்தமிழ் இயக்கம்) | 2000 | |
| Malaysia | Malaysian Tamil Language Standardisation Council (மலேசியத் தமிழ் மொழியின் காப்பகம்) | 2019 | |
| Tatar | Tatarstan | Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (Татарстан Республикасы Фәннәр академиясе) | 1804 |
| Telugu | India | Telugu Academy and Official Language Commission of Government of Andhra Pradesh | |
| Tetum | East Timor | National Institute of Linguistics at the National University of East Timor | |
| Thai | Thailand | Royal Society of Thailand (ราชบัณฑิตยสภา) | |
| Tibetan | Tibet Autonomous Region | Committee for Tibetan Language Affairs [1] | |
| India | Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language | ||
| Tulu | India | Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy | |
| Turkish |
Turkey Cyprus Northern Cyprus |
Türk Dil Kurumu (Turkish Language Association) | 1932 |
| Ukrainian | Ukraine | NASU Institute of Ukrainian Language | 1991 |
| Urdu | Pakistan | National Language Promotion Department (اِدارۀ فروغِ قومی زُبان) | |
| India | National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (قومی کونسل برائے فروغ اردو زبان) | ||
| Urhobo | Nigeria | Urhobo Studies Association | |
| Vietnamese | Vietnam | Institute of Linguistics of Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences | |
| Võro | Estonia | Võro Institute | |
| Waray | Philippines | Sanghiran san Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte (Academy of the Visayan Language of Samar and Leyte) defunct | |
| Welsh | Wales | Welsh Language Commissioner (Aled Roberts) | 2012 |
| West Frisian | Friesland | Fryske Akademy (Frisian Academy) | 1938 |
| Wolof | Senegal | Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (Center of Applied Linguistics of Dakar at the Cheikh Anta Diop University) | |
| Yiddish |
United States Sweden Russia |
YIVO (YIVO does not regulate or hold any sway over the Yiddish used in Ultra-Orthodox circles where the Yiddish language is most used in current times. The orthography and pronunciation of Yiddish in the Ultra-Orthodox communities is dramatically different from the standardized version of Yiddish devised by YIVO. A prime example of this is the spelling of the name for the Yiddish language in Yiddish itself. YIVO promotes the spelling "ייִדיש", while the spelling "אידיש" is more commonly used in most Ultra-Orthodox contexts.) | 1925 |
| Yoruba | Nigeria | Yoruba Academy | October 2007 |
Constructed languages
Apart from the Akademio de Esperanto, most constructed languages (also called conlangs) have no true linguistic regulators or language academies.
Auxiliary languages
| Language | Regulator(s) |
|---|---|
| Esperanto | Akademio de Esperanto |
| Ido | Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido |
| Lingua Franca Nova | Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova |
| Volapük | Kadäm Volapüka |
Esperanto
Esperanto and Ido have been constructed (or planned) by a person or small group, before being adopted and further developed by communities of users through natural language evolution.
Bodies such as the Akademio de Esperanto look at questions of usage in the light of the original goals and principles of the language.
Interlingua
Interlingua has no regulating body, as its vocabulary, grammar, and orthography are viewed as a product of ongoing social forces. In theory, Interlingua therefore evolves independent from any human regulator. Interlingua's vocabulary is verified and recorded by dynamically applying certain general principles to an existing set of natural languages and their etymologies. The International Auxiliary Language Association ceased to exist in 1954, and according to the secretary of Union Mundial de Interlingua "Interlingua doesn't need its Academy".
Other constructed languages
| Language | Regulator(s) |
|---|---|
| Klingon | Marc Okrand |
| Lojban | Logical Language Group |
| Naʼvi | Paul Frommer |
| Talossan | Comità per l'Útzil del Glheþ |
Other bodies
These bodies do not attempt to regulate any language in a prescriptive manner and are primarily concerned with aiding and advising the government on policies regarding language usage.
- Hong Kong: Official Language Division Civil Service Bureau Government of Hong Kong – concerned with matters concerning government language policy
- Macau: Departamento dos Assuntos Linguísticos of the Public Administration and Civil Service Bureau of the Government of Macau –concerned with matters concerning government language policy