Urra=hubullu
The Urra=hubullu (𒄯𒊏 𒄷𒇧𒈝 ur5-ra — ḫu-bul-lu4) is a major Babylonian glossary or "encyclopedia". It consists of Sumerian and Akkadian lexical lists ordered by topic. The canonical version extends to 24 tablets, and contains almost 10,000 words. The conventional title is the first gloss, ur5-ra and ḫubullu meaning "interest-bearing debt" in Sumerian and Akkadian, respectively. One bilingual version from Ugarit [RS2.(23)+] is Sumerian/Hurrian rather than Sumerian/Akkadian.
A partial table of contents:
- Tablet 4: naval vehicles
- Tablet 5: terrestrial vehicles
- Tablets 13 to 15: systematic enumeration of the names of domestic animals, terrestrial animals, and birds (including bats)
- Tablet 16: stones
- Tablet 17: plants.
- Tablet 22: star names
The bulk of the collection was compiled in the Old Babylonian period (early 2nd millennium BC), with pre-canonical forerunner documents extending into the later 3rd millennium.
Like other canonical glossaries, the Urra=hubullu was often used for scribal practice. Other Babylonian glossaries include:
- Ea: a family of lists that give the simple signs of the cuneiform writing system with their pronunciation and Akkadian meanings. (MSL volume 14)
- "Table of Measures": conversion tables for grain, weights and surface measurements. Again, it is not clear how these tablets were used.
- Lú and Lú=ša, a list of professions (MSL volume 12)
- Izi, a list of compound words ordered by increasing complexity
- Diri "limited to compound logograms whose reading cannot be inferred from their individual components; it also includes marginal cases such as reduplications, presence or absence of determinatives, and the like." (MSL volume 14)
- Nigga, Erimhuš and other school texts