Sentinel-class cutter

Sentinel-class cutter

The first Sentinel-class Fast Response Cutter (FRC), USCGC Bernard C. Webber
Class overview
Name	Sentinel class
Operators	United States Coast Guard
Planned	66
Completed	54
Active	53
General characteristics
Type	Cutter
Displacement	353 long tons (359 t)
Length	46.8 m (154 ft)
Beam	8.11 m (26.6 ft)
Depth	2.9 m (9.5 ft)
Propulsion	2 × 4,300 kW (5,800 shp) MTU diesel engines 1 × 75 kW (101 shp) bow thruster
Speed	28+ knots
Endurance	5 days, 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) Designed to be on patrol 2,500 hours per year
Boats & landing craft carried	1 × Cutter Boat – Over the Horizon – Jet-drive
Complement	4 officers, 20 crew
Sensors and processing systems	L-3 C4ISR suite AN/SPS-78 surface search and navigation radar AN/SPS-50 surface search radar RADA RPS-42 MHR air search radar AN/APX-123(V)1 IFF (ship automation provided by MTU Callosum)
Armament	1 × Mk 38 Mod 2 25 mm Machine Gun System 4 × crew-served Browning M2 machine guns

The Sentinel-class cutter, also known as the Fast Response Cutter due to its program name, is part of the United States Coast Guard's Deepwater program. At 154 feet (46.8 m), it is similar to, but larger than, the 123-foot (37 m) lengthened 1980s-era Island-class patrol boats that it replaces. Up to 66 vessels are to be built by the Louisiana-based firm Bollinger Shipyards, using a design from the Netherlands-based Damen Group, with the Sentinel design based on the company's Damen Stan 4708 patrol vessel. The Department of Homeland Security's budget proposal to Congress, for the Coast Guard, for 2021, stated that, in addition to 58 vessels to serve the Continental US, they requested an additional six vessels for its portion of Patrol Forces Southwest Asia.

Planning and acquisition

In March 2007, newly appointed United States Coast Guard Commandant Thad Allen announced that the USCG had withdrawn a contract from Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman for the construction of an initial flawed design of what would eventually become the Sentinel class. Allen announced that instead of the initial high-tech design Bollinger would build vessels based on an existing design, and the new program would focus more on existing "off-the-shelf" technology.

In September 2008, Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana, United States, was awarded US$88 million to build a prototype. The vessel was the first of a series of 24–34 46.8-meter (154 ft) cutters built to a design largely based on the Damen Stan 4708 patrol vessels from the Netherlands firm the Damen Group. The South African government operates three similar 154 ft Lillian Ngoyi-class vessels for environmental and fishery patrol.

The first cutter, USCGC Bernard C. Webber, and all future Sentinel-class vessels have been named after enlisted Coast Guard heroes. Bernard C. Webber was launched in April 2011, and commissioned in April 2012 at the Port of Miami.

Bernard C. Webber, and five sister ships, are stationed in Miami, Florida. The second cohort of six vessels are homeported in Key West, Florida. The third cohort of six vessels are homeported in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

In September 2013, Marine Link reported that the Coast Guard had placed orders with Bollinger Shipyards for additional cutters, bringing the number of such cutters ordered by then to thirty. As of June 2016, eight more for a total of 38 FRCs have been ordered, 17 are in service, with six in Miami, Florida; six in Key West, Florida; and five in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The 18th fast response cutter, Joseph Tezanos, was delivered to the Coast Guard in Key West, Florida, in June 2016. That cutter will be the sixth stationed in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and will complete the USCG complement there.

The Coast Guard has announced four future FRCs will be stationed in San Pedro, California by 2019 and two more will be stationed in Astoria, Oregon starting in 2021. A total of six FRCs will eventually be homeported in Alaska, with one cutter in Sitka, one in Seward, and two in Kodiak, joining two already operating from Ketchikan. Boston, Massachusetts and St. Petersburg, Florida will eventually be FRC homeports.

In June 2019, the United States House Committee on Armed Services approved a requirement for the US Navy to study the possibility of buying a version of the FRC, and basing them in Bahrain, where the USCG currently plans to base four FRCs.

In 2019 Lieutenant Commander Collin Fox (USN), and columnist David Axe suggested that, when the US Navy started to develop unmanned patrol ships to replace the Cyclone class, which are similar in size to the Sentinel class, the hulls and other elements of the robot ships would be based on the Sentinels, and built in the same factory.

In 2022, the Coast Guard awarded a $30 million contract to install a fixed pier and two floating docks to accommodate FRCs at East Tongue Point in Oregon. The first new cutter is expected to arrive at Astoria, Oregon in March 2024 rather than in 2021 as originally planned.

Mission

The vessels perform various Coast Guard missions which include but are not limited to PWCS (Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security), Defense Operations, Maritime Law Enforcement (Drug/migrant interdiction and other Law Enforcement), Search and Rescue, Marine Safety, and environment protection.

Design and construction

The vessels are armed with a remote-control Mark 38 25 mm Machine Gun System and four crew-served .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2HB heavy machine guns. They have a bow thruster for maneuvering in crowded anchorages and channels. They have small underwater fins, for coping with the rolling and pitching caused by large waves. They are equipped with a stern launching ramp, like the Marine Protector-class and the eight failed expanded Island-class cutters. They are manned by a crew of 22. The Fast Response Cutter deploys the 26-foot (7.9 m) Cutter Boat - Over the Horizon (OTH-IV) for rescues and interceptions.

Modifications to the Coast Guard vessels from the Stan 4708 design include an increase in speed from 23 to 28 knots (43 to 52 km/h; 26 to 32 mph), fixed-pitch rather than variable-pitch propellers, stern launch capability, and watertight bulkheads. The vessels are built to ABS High Speed Naval Craft rules and some parts of the FRC also comply to ABS Naval Vessel Rules. The vessels meet Naval Sea Systems Command standards for two compartment damaged stability and meet the Intact and Damage Stability and reserve buoyancy requirements in accordance with the “Procedures Manual for Stability Analyses of U.S. Navy Small Craft".

The vessels have space, weight, and power reserved for future requirements which includes weapons and their systems. The cutters have a reduced radar cross-section through shaping. The bridge is equipped with a handheld device that allows crew members to remotely control the ship's functions, including rudder movement and docking.

In September 2008, Bollinger Shipyards in Lockport, Louisiana, was awarded US$88 million to build the prototype first vessel in its class. That vessel became USCGC Bernard C. Webber, which is the first of 58 planned Sentinel-class cutters to go into the U.S. Coast Guard fleet to replace their remaining 37 aging, 1980s-era 110 ft Island-class patrol boats.

In February 2013, the Department of Homeland Security requested tenders from third party firms to independently inspect the cutters, during their construction, and their performance trials.

In July 2014, it was announced that the U.S. Coast Guard had exercised a $225 million option at Bollinger Shipyards for construction through 2017 of an additional six Sentinel-class Fast Response Cutters (FRCs), bringing the total number of FRCs under contract with Bollinger to 30. Later that number was increased to 32 cutters.

In May 2016, Bollinger Shipyards announced that the U.S. Coast Guard awarded it a new contract for building the final 26 Sentinel-class fast-response cutters. That brings to 58 the total number of FRCs that the USCG ordered from Bollinger. Acquiring the 58 cutters is expected to cost the federal government $3.8 billion — an average of about $65 million per cutter.

In August 2021, it was announced that U.S. Coast Guard had exercised a contract option for 4 additional FRCs, bringing the total number to 64. They will be built at Bollinger's Lockport, Louisiana facility.

In March 2022, President Joe Biden signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2022, which provided $130 million in funding for two additional FRCs, bringing the total number to 66. In August 2022, the Coast Guard exercised its contract option for the first of these additional cutters, to be delivered by Bollinger in 2025.

At the September 2022 commissioning of USCGC Douglas Denman, it was announced that she had several upgrades compared to the two cutters deployed to Ketchikan, Alaska six years previously. These include an improved bow thruster and radar system and the addition of a forward-looking infrared camera. Though initially stationed at Ketchikan, Douglas Denman will eventually be homeported at Sitka when port infrastructure improvements have been completed there.

Crew accommodation

Prior to the deployment of the Marine Protector class, the Coast Guard decided that all its cutters, even its smallest, should be able to accommodate mixed-gender crews. The Sentinel-class cutters are able to accommodate mixed-gender crews. When Rollin A. Fritch was commissioned, a profile in The Philadelphia Inquirer asserted off-duty crew members had access to satellite television broadcasts. The vessels come equipped with a desalination unit.

Ships

In October 2010, the Coast Guard released the names of the first 14 Coast Guard enlisted heroes for whom the Sentinel-class FRCs will be named.

In February 2015, the USCG solicited vendors to bid to provide temporary lodging services for pre-commissioning crews in Lockport for each of 19 specific cutters to be launched for 19 specific date periods per vessel from April 2015, out through to December 2018.

Operational histories

Press coverage of the vessels' operational histories suggests they have been effective at interdicting refugees who resort to dangerous overloaded small boats, and effective at capturing drug smugglers.

The cutters have intercepted smugglers carrying large shipments of drugs. In February 2017 Joseph Napier intercepted a shipment of over four tons of cocaine, reported to be the largest drug-bust in the Atlantic Ocean since 1999.

Cutters are given tasks like looking for shipping containers full of toxic cargo that have fallen from container ships, as USCGC Margaret Norvell did in December 2015, when 25 containers fell from the barge Columbia Elizabeth. Similarly, Charles Sexton helped search for the freighter El Faro when she was lost at sea during Hurricane Joaquin in October 2015.

In 2018 and 2019 Oliver Berry and Joseph Gerczak made voyages beyond the design range, on missions from Hawaii to the Marshall Islands and American Samoa. Both voyages took nine days.

In August 2022, one of the ships in the Sentinel class, Oliver Henry, was stuck in the Solomon Islands after the country's government failed to respond to a fuel request.

Namesakes

Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard, is credited with leading the initiative of naming the vessels after enlisted rank individuals who served heroically in the Coast Guard or one of its precursor services. Originally, the first vessel of the class was to be named USCGC Sentinel.

In October 2010 the Coast Guard named the first fourteen individuals the vessels will be named after, and has provided biographies of them. They are: Bernard C. Webber, Richard Etheridge, William Flores, Robert Yered, Margaret Norvell, Paul Clark, Charles David Jr, Charles Sexton, Kathleen Moore, Joseph Napier, William Trump, Isaac Mayo, Richard Dixon, Heriberto Hernandez. A second group of eleven names was announced on April 2, 2014.

In 2013 the name of Joseph Napier was reassigned to WPC-1115 when WPC-1110 was named after the recently deceased Commander Raymond Evans. The other ten new namesakes were: Winslow W. Griesser, Richard H. Patterson, Joseph Tezanos, Rollin A. Fritch, Lawrence O. Lawson, John F. McCormick, Bailey T. Barco, Benjamin B. Dailey, Donald R. Horsley, and Jacob L. A. Poroo. The 17th cutter (ex-USCGC Richard H. Patterson) was renamed as Donald R. Horsley after request of the Patterson Family, and the 24th cutter (ex-USCGC Donald R. Horsley) then was renamed as Oliver F. Berry.

In July 2014, Coast Guard Commandant Paul Zukunft announced that the Coast Guard would name an additional cutter after Senior Chief Petty Officer Terrell Horne, the first Coast Guard member to be murdered in the line of duty since 1927.

In February 2015, the Coast Guard publicized ten more names tentatively assigned to cutters 26 through 35. They were: Joseph Gerczak, Richard T. Snyder, Nathan Bruckenthal, Forrest O. Rednour, Robert G. Ward, Terrell Horne III, Benjamin A. Bottoms, Joseph O. Doyle, William C. Hart, and Oliver F. Berry.

In December 2017, the Coast Guard announced the names of the 35th through 54th cutters. The twenty namesakes are: Angela McShan, Daniel Tarr, Edgar Culbertson, Harold Miller, Myrtle Hazard, Oliver Henry, Charles Moulthrope, Robert Goldman, Frederick Hatch, Glen Harris, Emlen Tunnell, John Scheuerman, Clarence Sutphin, Pablo Valent, Douglas Denman, William Chadwick, Warren Deyampert, Maurice Jester, John Patterson, and William Sparling. The 35th cutter (ex-USCGC Oliver F. Berry) is to be named as Angela McShan since the 24th cutter (ex-USCGC Donald R. Horsley) was renamed as Oliver F. Berry.

In October 2019, the Coast Guard named the namesakes of cutters 55 through 64. They are: Melvin Bell, David Duren, Florence Finch, John Witherspoon, Earl Cunningham, Frederick Mann, Olivia Hooker, Vincent Danz, Jeffrey Palazzo, and Marvin Perrett.