Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason
 | |
| Author | Immanuel Kant |
|---|---|
| Original title | Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft |
| Country | Germany |
| Language | German |
| Subject | Philosophy of religion |
| Published | 1793 |
| Media type | |
| Pages | 296 |
Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason (German: Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft) is a 1793 book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Although its purpose and original intent has become a matter of some dispute, the book's immense and lasting influence on the history of theology and the philosophy of religion is indisputable. It consists of four parts, called "Pieces" (Stücke), originally written as a series of four journal articles. The titles of the four parts are:
- Part I: Concerning the indwelling of the evil principle alongside the good, or, Of radical evil in human nature.
- Part II: Concerning the struggle of the good with the evil principle for dominion over the human being.
- Part III: Concerning the victory of the good over the evil principle and the founding of a Kingdom of God on Earth.
- Part IV: Concerning service and counterfeit service under the dominion of the good principle, or, of Religion and Priestcraft.
He strongly criticises ritual, superstition and a church hierarchy in this work.
Royal censorship
The first part originally appeared as a Berlinische Monatsschrift article in April 1792. Kant's attempt to publish the second part in the same journal met with opposition from the king's censor. Kant then arranged to have all four pieces published as a book, routing it through the philosophy department at the University of Jena to avoid the need for theological censorship. Kant was reprimanded for this action of insubordination. When he nevertheless published a second edition in 1794, the censor was so irate that he arranged for a royal order that required Kant never to publish or even speak publicly about religion.
Title meaning and translations
The book's title is based on a metaphor Kant introduces in the Prefaces and uses throughout the book, whereby rational religion is depicted as a naked ("bare") body while historical religions are regarded as "clothing" that are not appropriate "vehicles" for conveying religious truths to the populace. The earliest translation treats this metaphor literally: using "naked" ignores the fact that Kant's "bloßen" can also mean "mere". The most recent translation solves this problem by using the English "bare", which also has both meanings.
English translations
- Religion Within the Boundary of Pure Reason Semple translation 1838
- Stephen R. Palmquist, Comprehensive Commentary on Kant's Religion Within the Bounds of Bare Reason. John Wiley & Sons, 2016. A revision of Pluhar's translation, with a detailed commentary on the text, including on Kant's own changes between his first and second editions of Religion.
- Werner S. Pluhar, Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2009. Description & arrow-searchable table of Contents. With an Introduction by Stephen Palmquist.
- Allen W. Wood and George di Giovanni, Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. With an Introduction by Robert Merrihew Adams. Also included in Immanuel Kant: Religion and Rational Theology, volume 6 of The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, pp.55-215.
- Theodore M. Greene and Hoyt H. Hudson, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1934/1960.
- T.K. Abbott, translation of the First Piece only, on pp.323-360 of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works in Theory of Ethics. London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd, 1873.
- J.W. Semple, (title unknown). Edinburgh: Thomas Clark, 1838/1848.
- John Richardson, Religion within the Boundaries of Naked Reason extracts in J.S. Beck's The Principles of Critical Philosophy (1798). Revised and reprinted in Richardson's Essays and Treatises (London: William Richardson, 1799), volume 2, pp.367-422.
- Jonathan Bennett, "Religion within the Limits of Bare Reason", Early Modern Texts, 2017.