Elections in Brazil
Brazil elects on the national level a head of state—the president—and a legislature. The president is elected to a four-year term by absolute majority vote through a two-round system. The National Congress (Congresso Nacional) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) has 513 members, elected to a four-year term by proportional representation. The Federal Senate (Senado Federal) has 81 members, elected to an eight-year term, with elections every four years for alternatively one-third and two-thirds of the seats. Brazil has a multi-party system, with such numerous parties that often no one party has a chance of gaining power alone, and so they must work with each other to form coalition governments.
Schedule
Election
| Year | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Presidential year | Off-year | Local year | Off-year | Presidential year |
| President | Yes | No | Yes | ||
| Senate | 27 seats | No | 54 seats | ||
| Chamber | All 513 seats | No | All 513 seats | ||
| Governor | All 27 federative units | No | All 27 federative units | ||
| Legislative Assemblies | All 27 federative units | No | All 27 federative units | ||
| Mayor | No | All 5,568 municipalities | No | ||
| Municipal Chambers | No | All 5,568 municipalities | No | ||
Inauguration
| Position | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Presidential (January) National Congress (February) Gubernatorial (January) States and Federal District Parliaments (January) |
None | Mayors (January) City Councils (January) |
None | Presidential (January) National Congress (February) Gubernatorial (January) States and Federal District Parliaments (January) |
None | Mayors (January) City Councils (January) |
None | Presidential (January) National Congress (February) Gubernatorial (January) States and Federal District Parliaments (January) |
| President and vice president |
1 January | None | 1 January | None | 5 January | ||||
| National Congress | 1 February | None | 1 February | None | 1 February | ||||
| States, cities and municipalities | 1 January | None | 1 January | None | 1 January | None | 1 January | None |
1 January (state parliaments) 6 January (Governors) |
Electoral systems
A presidential candidate in Brazil needs to gain fifty per cent plus one of votes to be named as winner. A second-round runoff is mandated if no candidate receives fifty per cent plus one of votes.
Deputies are elected to the Chamber of Deputies using a form of party-list proportional representation known as the open list. Seats are distributed in 27 multi-member constituencies based on the Federation Units (26 States and the Federal District), ranging from 8 to 70 seats. Seats are allocated through the D'Hondt method.
Senators are elected to the Federal Senate with a plurality of the vote in a first-past-the-post system, which is not proportional. Three senators are elected for each state and for the Federal District.
In lower levels of government, the state legislative assemblies and city councils are elected using an open list proportional representation system. Seats are allocated using a version of the D'Hondt method where only parties who receive at least V/n votes (where V is the total number of votes cast and n is the total number of seats to be filled) may win seats in the legislature.
Voting in Brazil is compulsory for all literate citizens over 18 and under 70, and optional for citizens who are aged 16 and 17, older than 70 or illiterate. Brazil introduced compulsory voting into its Electoral Code in 1932 and lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The 1988 constitution also granted voluntary suffrage to the illiterate citizens of Brazil.
Brazilian voting machines
Electronic voting was first introduced to Brazil in 1996, with the first tests carried out in the state of Santa Catarina. The primary design goal of the voting machine is extreme simplicity, the model being a public phone booth. The voting machines perform three steps – voter identification, secure voting and tallying - in a single process, aiming to eliminate fraud based on forged or falsified public documents. Political parties have access to the voting machine's programs before the election for auditing.
As of 2023, Brazil is the only country in the world to conduct its elections entirely through electronic voting.Presidential elections by party
| Party | Acronym | Election | Presidential candidate | Vice presidential candidate | Colligation | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Act | AGIR | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected 
|
| 2018 | Álvaro Dias (PODE) | Paulo Rabelo de Castro (PSC) | PODE, PSC, AGIR, PRP |
Lost 
|
||
| 2014 | Aécio Neves (PSDB) | Aloysio Nunes (PSDB) | PSDB, AGIR, AVANTE, DEM, PATRIOTA, PMN, PODE, PTB, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2002 | Anthony Garotinho (PSB) | José Antônio Figueiredo (PSB) | PSB, AGIR, PGT |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Carlos Antônio Gomes (AGIR) | Dilton Carlos Salomoni (AGIR) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Fernando Collor de Mello (AGIR) | Itamar Franco (AGIR) | AGIR, PSC, PST, PTR |
Elected
|
||
| Brazilian Communist Party | PCB | 2022 | Sofia Manzano (PCB) | Antonio Alves da Silva (PCB) | - |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Guilherme Boulos (PSOL) | Sônia Guajajara (PSOL) | PSOL, PCB |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Mauro Iasi (PCB) | Sofia Manzano (PCB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Ivan Pinheiro (PCB) | Edmilson Costa (PCB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | Heloísa Helena (PSOL) | César Benjamin (PSOL) | PSOL, PCB, PSTU |
Lost
|
||
| 2002 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Alencar (PL) | PT, PL, PCB, PCdoB, PMN |
Elected
|
||
| 1998 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | PT, PDT, PCB, PCdoB, PSB |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT, CIDADANIA, PCB, PCdoB, PSB, PSTU, PV |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Roberto Freire (PCB) | Sérgio Arouca (PCB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1985 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1978 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1974 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1969 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1966 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1964 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1960 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1955 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1950 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1945 | Iedo Fiúza (PCB) | - | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1934 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1930 | Minervino de Oliveira (PCB) | - | - |
Lost
|
||
| - | Gastão Valentim (PCB) | - |
Lost
|
|||
| 1926 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1922 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Brazilian Democratic Movement | MDB | 2022 | Simone Tebet (MDB) | Mara Gabrilli (PSDB) | MDB, Always Forward Federation (CIDADANIA, PSDB), PODE |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Henrique Meirelles (MDB) | Germano Rigotto (MDB) | MDB, PHS |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | José Serra (PSDB) | Rita Camata (MDB) | PSDB, MDB |
Lost
|
||
| 1998 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1994 | Orestes Quércia (MDB) | Iris de Araújo (MDB) | MDB, PSD, PRP |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Ulysses Guimarães (MDB) | Waldir Pires (MDB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1985 | Tancredo Neves (MDB) | José Sarney (MDB) | - |
Elected
|
||
| 1978 | Euler Bentes Monteiro (MDB) | Paulo Brossard (MDB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1974 | Ulysses Guimarães (MDB) | Barbosa Lima Sobrinho (MDB) |
Lost
|
|||
| 1969 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1966 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | PRTB | 2022 | - | - | - | - |
| 2018 | Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) | Hamilton Mourão (PRTB) | PSL, PRTB |
Elected
|
||
| 2014 | Levy Fidelix (PRTB) | José Alves de Oliveira (PRTB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Levy Fidelix (PRTB) | Luiz Eduardo Ayres Duarte (PRTB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1998 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Brazilian Social Democracy Party | PSDB | 2022 | Simone Tebet (MDB) | Mara Gabrilli (PSDB) | MDB, Always Forward Federation (CIDADANIA, PSDB), PODE |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | Ana Amélia Lemos (PP) | PSDB, PP, CIDADANIA, DEM, PL, PSD, PTB, REPUBLICANOS, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Aécio Neves (PSDB) | Aloysio Nunes (PSDB) | PSDB, AGIR, AVANTE, DEM, PATRIOTA, PMN, PODE, PTB, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | José Serra (PSDB) | Indio da Costa (DEM) | PSDB, DEM, AVANTE, CIDADANIA, PMN, PTB |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | José Jorge (DEM) | PSDB, DEM |
Lost
|
||
| 2002 | José Serra (PSDB) | Rita Camata (MDB) | PSDB, MDB |
Lost
|
||
| 1998 | Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB) | Marco Maciel (DEM) | PSDB, DEM, PP, PSD, PTB |
Elected
|
||
| 1994 | Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB) | Marco Maciel (DEM) | PSDB, DEM, PTB |
Elected
|
||
| 1989 | Mário Covas (PSDB) | Almir Gabriel (PSDB) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Brazilian Socialist Party | PSB | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2014 | Marina Silva (PSB) | Beto Albuquerque (PSB) | PSB, CIDADANIA, PHS, PPL, PRP, PSL |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | Anthony Garotinho (PSB) | José Antônio Figueiredo (PSB) | PSB, AGIR, PGT |
Lost
|
||
| 1998 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | PT, PDT, PCB, PCdoB, PSB |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT, CIDADANIA, PCB, PCdoB, PSB, PSTU, PV |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Paulo Bisol (PSB) | PT, PSB, PCdoB |
Lost
|
||
| 1985 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1978 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1974 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1969 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1966 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1964 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1960 | Henrique Teixeira Lott (PSD) | - | PSD, PTB, PRT, PSB, PST |
Lost
|
||
| - | João Goulart (PTB) |
Elected
|
||||
| 1955 | Juarez Távora (UDN) | UDN, PDC, PL, PSB |
Lost
|
|||
| Milton Campos (UDN) |
Lost
|
|||||
| 1950 | João Mangabeira (PSB) | - | - |
Lost
|
||
| - | Alípio Correia Neto (PSB) |
Lost
|
||||
| Brazilian Woman's Party | PMB | 2022 | - | - | - | - |
| 2018 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Brazil Union | UNIÃO | 2022 | Soraya Thronicke (UNIÃO) | Marcos Cintra (UNIÃO) | - |
Lost
|
| Christian Democracy | DC | 2022 | José Maria Eymael (DC) | João Barbosa Bravo (DC) | - |
Lost
|
| 2018 | José Maria Eymael (DC) | Hélvio Costa (DC) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | José Maria Eymael (DC) | Roberto Lopes (DC) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | José Maria Eymael (DC) | José Paulo da Silva Neto (DC) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | José Maria Eymael (DC) | José Paulo da Silva Neto (DC) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2002 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1998 | José Maria Eymael (DC) | Josmar Oliveira Alderete (DC) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Citizenship | CIDADANIA | 2022 | Simone Tebet (MDB) | Mara Gabrilli (PSDB) | MDB, Always Forward Federation (CIDADANIA, PSDB), PODE |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | Ana Amélia Lemos (PP) | PSDB, PP, CIDADANIA, DEM, PL, PSD, PTB, REPUBLICANOS, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Marina Silva (PSB) | Beto Albuquerque (PSB) | PSB, CIDADANIA, PHS, PPL, PRP, PSL |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | José Serra (PSDB) | Indio da Costa (DEM) | PSDB, DEM, AVANTE, CIDADANIA, PMN, PTB |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | Ciro Gomes (CIDADANIA) | Paulinho da Força (PTB) | CIDADANIA, PTB, PDT |
Lost
|
||
| 1998 | Ciro Gomes (CIDADANIA) | Roberto Freire (CIDADANIA) | CIDADANIA, PAN, PL |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT, CIDADANIA, PCB, PCdoB, PSB, PSTU, PV |
Lost
|
||
| Communist Party of Brazil | PCdoB | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Fernando Haddad (PT) | Manuela D'Ávila (PCdoB) | PT, PCdoB, PROS |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2006 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Alencar (REPUBLICANOS) | PT, REPUBLICANOS, PCdoB |
Elected
|
||
| 2002 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Alencar (PL) | PT, PL, PCB, PCdoB, PMN |
Elected
|
||
| 1998 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | PT, PDT, PCB, PCdoB, PSB |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT, CIDADANIA, PCB, PCdoB, PSB, PSTU, PV |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Paulo Bisol (PSB) | PT, PSB, PCdoB |
Lost
|
||
| Democratic Labour Party | PDT | 2022 | Ciro Gomes (PDT) | Ana Paula Matos (PDT) | PDT |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Ciro Gomes (PDT) | Kátia Abreu (PDT) | PDT, AVANTE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2006 | Cristovam Buarque (PDT) | Jefferson Péres (PDT) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2002 | Ciro Gomes (CIDADANIA) | Paulinho da Força (PTB) | CIDADANIA, PTB, PDT |
Lost
|
||
| 1998 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | PT, PDT, PCB, PCdoB, PSB |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | Darcy Ribeiro (PDT) | PDT, PMN |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | Fernando Lyra (PDT) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Forward | AVANTE | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Ciro Gomes (PDT) | Kátia Abreu (PDT) | PDT, AVANTE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Aécio Neves (PSDB) | Aloysio Nunes (PSDB) | PSDB, AGIR, AVANTE, DEM, PATRIOTA, PMN, PODE, PTB, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | José Serra (PSDB) | Indio da Costa (DEM) | PSDB, DEM, AVANTE, CIDADANIA, PMN, PTB |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1998 | João de Deus (AVANTE) | Nanci Pilar (AVANTE) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Green Party | PV | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Marina Silva (REDE) | Eduardo Jorge (PV) | REDE, PV |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Eduardo Jorge (PV) | Célia Sacramento (PV) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Marina Silva (PV) | Guilherme Leal (PV) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1998 | Alfredo Sirkis (PV) | Carla Piranda Rabello (PV) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT, CIDADANIA, PCB, PCdoB, PSB, PSTU, PV |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Fernando Gabeira (PV) | Mauricio Lobo de Abreu (PV) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Liberal Party | PL | 2022 | Jair Bolsonaro (PL) | Walter Braga Netto (PL) | PL, REPUBLICANOS, PP |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | Ana Amélia Lemos (PP) | PSDB, PP, CIDADANIA, DEM, PL, PSD, PTB, REPUBLICANOS, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| New Party | NOVO | 2022 | Luiz Felipe d'Avila (NOVO) | Tiago Mitraud (NOVO) | - |
Lost
|
| 2018 | João Amoêdo (NOVO) | Christian Lohbauer (NOVO) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Party of National Mobilization | PMN | 2022 | - | - | - | - |
| 2018 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2014 | Aécio Neves (PSDB) | Aloysio Nunes (PSDB) | PSDB, AGIR, AVANTE, DEM, PATRIOTA, PMN, PODE, PTB, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | José Serra (PSDB) | Indio da Costa (DEM) | PSDB, DEM, AVANTE, CIDADANIA, PMN, PTB |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Alencar (PL) | PT, PL, PCB, PCdoB, PMN |
Elected
|
||
| 1998 | Ivan Frota (PMN) | João Ferreira da Silva (PMN) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | Darcy Ribeiro (PDT) | PDT, PMN |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Celso Brant (PMN) | José Natan Emídio Neto (PMN) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Progressives | PP | 2022 | Jair Bolsonaro (PL) | Walter Braga Netto (PL) | PL, REPUBLICANOS, PP |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | Ana Amélia Lemos (PP) | PSDB, PP, CIDADANIA, DEM, PL, PSD, PTB, REPUBLICANOS, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1998 | Fernando Henrique Cardoso (PSDB) | Marco Maciel (DEM) | PSDB, DEM, PP, PSD, PTB |
Elected
|
||
| Republican Party of the Social Order | PROS | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Fernando Haddad (PT) | Manuela D'Ávila (PCdoB) | PT, PCdoB, PROS |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Republicans | REPUBLICANOS | 2022 | Jair Bolsonaro (PL) | Walter Braga Netto (PL) | PL, REPUBLICANOS, PP |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | Ana Amélia Lemos (PP) | PSDB, PP, CIDADANIA, DEM, PL, PSD, PTB, REPUBLICANOS, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2006 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Alencar (REPUBLICANOS) | PT, REPUBLICANOS, PCdoB |
Elected
|
||
| Social Democratic Party | PSD | 2022 | - | - | - | - |
| 2018 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | Ana Amélia Lemos (PP) | PSDB, PP, CIDADANIA, DEM, PL, PSD, PTB, REPUBLICANOS, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| Socialism and Liberty Party | PSOL | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Guilherme Boulos (PSOL) | Sônia Guajajara (PSOL) | PSOL, PCB |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Luciana Genro (PSOL) | Jorge Paz (PSOL) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Plínio de Arruda Sampaio (PSOL) | Hamilton Assis (PSOL) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | Heloísa Helena (PSOL) | César Benjamin (PSOL) | PSOL, PCB, PSTU |
Lost
|
||
| Solidarity | SOLIDARIEDADE | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB) | Ana Amélia Lemos (PP) | PSDB, PP, CIDADANIA, DEM, PL, PSD, PTB, REPUBLICANOS, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Aécio Neves (PSDB) | Aloysio Nunes (PSDB) | PSDB, AGIR, AVANTE, DEM, PATRIOTA, PMN, PODE, PTB, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| Sustainability Network | REDE | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Marina Silva (REDE) | Eduardo Jorge (PV) | REDE, PV |
Lost
|
||
| United Socialist Workers' Party | PSTU | 2022 | Vera Lúcia Salgado (PSTU) | Kunã Yporã Tremembé (PSTU) | - |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Vera Lúcia Salgado (PSTU) | Hertz Dias (PSTU) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | José Maria de Almeida (PSTU) | Cláudia Durans (PSTU) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | José Maria de Almeida (PSTU) | Cláudia Durans (PSTU) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | Heloísa Helena (PSOL) | César Benjamin (PSOL) | PSOL, PCB, PSTU |
Lost
|
||
| 2002 | José Maria de Almeida (PSTU) | Dayse Oliveira (PSTU) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1998 | José Maria de Almeida (PSTU) | José Galvão de Lima (PSTU) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT, CIDADANIA, PCB, PCdoB, PSB, PSTU, PV |
Lost
|
||
| We Can | PODE | 2022 | Simone Tebet (MDB) | Mara Gabrilli (PSDB) | MDB, Always Forward Federation (CIDADANIA, PSDB), PODE |
Lost
|
| 2018 | Álvaro Dias (PODE) | Paulo Rabelo de Castro (PSC) | PODE, PSC, AGIR, PRP |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Aécio Neves (PSDB) | Aloysio Nunes (PSDB) | PSDB, AGIR, AVANTE, DEM, PATRIOTA, PMN, PODE, PTB, SOLIDARIEDADE |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 1998 | Thereza Ruiz (PODE) | Eduardo Gomes (PODE) | - |
Lost
|
||
| Workers' Cause Party | PCO | 2022 | - | - | - | - |
| 2018 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2014 | Rui Costa Pimenta (PCO) | Ricardo Machado (PCO) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2010 | Rui Costa Pimenta (PCO) | Edson Dorta Silva (PCO) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 2006 | - | - | - | - | ||
| 2002 | Rui Costa Pimenta (PCO) | Pedro Paulo de Abreu (PCO) | - |
Lost
|
||
| 1998 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Workers' Party | PT | 2022 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Brazil of Hope Federation (PT, PCdoB, PV), PSB, AGIR, AVANTE, PSOL-REDE Federation (PSOL, REDE), SOLIDARIEDADE, PROS |
Elected
|
| 2018 | Fernando Haddad (PT) | Manuela D'Ávila (PCdoB) | PT, PCdoB, PROS |
Lost
|
||
| 2014 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PP, PROS, PSD, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2010 | Dilma Rousseff (PT) | Michel Temer (MDB) | PT, MDB, AGIR, PCdoB, PDT, PL, PODE, PSB, PSC, REPUBLICANOS |
Elected
|
||
| 2006 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Alencar (REPUBLICANOS) | PT, REPUBLICANOS, PCdoB |
Elected
|
||
| 2002 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Alencar (PL) | PT, PL, PCB, PCdoB, PMN |
Elected
|
||
| 1998 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Leonel Brizola (PDT) | PT, PDT, PCB, PCdoB, PSB |
Lost
|
||
| 1994 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | Aloizio Mercadante (PT) | PT, CIDADANIA, PCB, PCdoB, PSB, PSTU, PV |
Lost
|
||
| 1989 | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) | José Paulo Bisol (PSB) | PT, PSB, PCdoB |
Lost
|
2022 general election
Presidential election
| Candidate | Running mate | Party | First round | Second round | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||
| Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) | Workers' Party | 57,259,504 | 48.43 | 60,345,999 | 50.90 | |
| Jair Bolsonaro (incumbent) | Walter Braga Netto | Liberal Party | 51,072,345 | 43.20 | 58,206,354 | 49.10 | |
| Simone Tebet | Mara Gabrilli (PSDB) | Brazilian Democratic Movement | 4,915,423 | 4.16 | |||
| Ciro Gomes | Ana Paula Matos | Democratic Labour Party | 3,599,287 | 3.04 | |||
| Soraya Thronicke | Marcos Cintra | Brazil Union | 600,955 | 0.51 | |||
| Luiz Felipe d'Avila | Tiago Mitraud | New Party | 559,708 | 0.47 | |||
| Kelmon Souza | Luiz Cláudio Gamonal | Brazilian Labour Party | 81,129 | 0.07 | |||
| Leonardo Péricles | Samara Martins | Popular Unity | 53,519 | 0.05 | |||
| Sofia Manzano | Antonio Alves | Brazilian Communist Party | 45,620 | 0.04 | |||
| Vera Lúcia Salgado | Kunã Yporã Tremembé | United Socialist Workers' Party | 25,625 | 0.02 | |||
| José Maria Eymael | João Barbosa Bravo | Christian Democracy | 16,604 | 0.01 | |||
| Total | 118,229,719 | 100.00 | 118,552,353 | 100.00 | |||
| Valid votes | 118,229,719 | 95.59 | |||||
| Invalid votes | 3,487,874 | 2.82 | |||||
| Blank votes | 1,964,779 | 1.59 | |||||
| Total votes | 123,682,372 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 156,453,354 | 79.05 | 156,453,354 | – | |||
| Source: Superior Electoral Court | |||||||
Parliamentary election
Chamber of Deputies
 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |||
| Liberal Party | 18,228,958 | 16.54 | 99 | +66 | |||
| Brazil of Hope |
Workers' Party | 15,354,125 | 13.93 | 68 | +12 | ||
| Communist Party of Brazil | 6 | -4 | |||||
| Green Party | 6 | +2 | |||||
| Brazil Union | 10,262,035 | 9.31 | 59 | -22 | |||
| Progressistas | 8,704,341 | 7.90 | 47 | +10 | |||
| Social Democratic Party | 8,322,183 | 7.55 | 42 | +8 | |||
| Brazilian Democratic Movement | 7,992,988 | 7.25 | 42 | +8 | |||
| Republicans | 7,618,108 | 6.91 | 41 | +11 | |||
| Always Forward |
Brazilian Social Democracy Party | 5,000,910 | 4.54 | 13 | -16 | ||
| Cidadania | 5 | -3 | |||||
| PSOL REDE |
Socialism and Liberty Party | 4,650,080 | 4.22 | 12 | +2 | ||
| Sustainability Network | 2 | +1 | |||||
| Brazilian Socialist Party | 4,202,376 | 3.81 | 14 | -18 | |||
| Democratic Labour Party | 3,843,174 | 3.49 | 17 | -11 | |||
| Podemos | 3,614,581 | 3.28 | 12 | -5 | |||
| Avante | 2,205,176 | 2.00 | 7 | – | |||
| Social Christian Party | 1,951,486 | 1.77 | 6 | -2 | |||
| Solidarity | 1,728,083 | 1.57 | 4 | -9 | |||
| Patriota | 1,548,140 | 1.40 | 4 | -5 | |||
| Brazilian Labour Party | 1,433,638 | 1.30 | 1 | -9 | |||
| New Party | 1,360,590 | 1.23 | 3 | -5 | |||
| Republican Party of the Social Order | 1,070,953 | 0.97 | 3 | -5 | |||
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | 294,315 | 0.27 | – | – | |||
| Party of National Mobilization | 256,830 | 0.23 | – | -3 | |||
| Act | 159,865 | 0.15 | – | -2 | |||
| Christian Democracy | 138,818 | 0.13 | – | -1 | |||
| Brazilian Woman's Party | 85,722 | 0.08 | – | – | |||
| Brazilian Communist Party | 85,642 | 0.08 | – | – | |||
| Popular Unity | 55,780 | 0.05 | – | New | |||
| United Socialist Workers' Party | 27,995 | 0.03 | – | – | |||
| Workers' Cause Party | 8,660 | 0.01 | – | – | |||
| Undetermined | 5,632 | 0.01 | – | – | |||
| Total | 110,211,184 | 100.00 | 513 | – | |||
| Valid votes | 110,211,184 | 89.46 | |||||
| Invalid votes | 5,483,262 | 4.45 | |||||
| Blank votes | 7,501,125 | 6.09 | |||||
| Total votes | 123,195,571 | 100.00 | |||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 155,557,422 | 79.20 | |||||
| Source: Superior Electoral Court | |||||||
Federal Senate
 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | |||||||
| Elected | Total | +/– | ||||||||
| Liberal Party | 25,278,764 | 24.86 | 8 | 13 | +7 | |||||
| Brazilian Socialist Party | 13,615,846 | 13.39 | 1 | 1 | -2 | |||||
| Brazil of Hope |
Workers' Party | 12,456,553 | 12.25 | 4 | 9 | +2 | ||||
| Green Party | 475,597 | 0.47 | – | – | – | |||||
| Communist Party of Brazil | 299,013 | 0.29 | – | – | – | |||||
| Social Democratic Party | 11,312,512 | 11.12 | 2 | 10 | – | |||||
| Progressistas | 7,592,391 | 7.47 | 3 | 7 | +2 | |||||
| Brazil Union | 5,465,486 | 5.37 | 5 | 12 | +2 | |||||
| Social Christian Party | 4,285,485 | 4.21 | 1 | 1 | +1 | |||||
| Republicans | 4,259,279 | 4.19 | 2 | 3 | +2 | |||||
| Brazilian Democratic Movement | 3,882,458 | 3.82 | 1 | 10 | -4 | |||||
| Brazilian Labour Party | 3,621,532 | 3.56 | – | – | -2 | |||||
| Podemos | 1,776,283 | 1.75 | – | 6 | – | |||||
| Democratic Labour Party | 1,650,222 | 1.62 | – | 2 | -4 | |||||
| Always Forward |
Brazilian Social Democracy Party | 1,394,547 | 1.37 | – | 4 | -4 | ||||
| Cidadania | 0 | 0.00 | – | 1 | – | |||||
| Avante | 1,369,655 | 1.35 | – | – | – | |||||
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | 758,938 | 0.75 | – | – | – | |||||
| PSOL REDE |
Socialism and Liberty Party | 677,345 | 0.67 | – | – | – | ||||
| Sustainability Network | 8,133 | 0.01 | – | 1 | – | |||||
| New Party | 479,593 | 0.47 | – | – | – | |||||
| Popular Unity | 291,294 | 0.29 | – | – | New | |||||
| Republican Party of the Social Order | 214,525 | 0.21 | – | 1 | – | |||||
| United Socialist Workers' Party | 135,599 | 0.13 | – | – | – | |||||
| Christian Democracy | 101,722 | 0.10 | – | – | – | |||||
| Patriota | 76,729 | 0.08 | – | – | – | |||||
| Brazilian Communist Party | 64,569 | 0.06 | – | – | – | |||||
| Brazilian Woman's Party | 61,350 | 0.06 | – | – | New | |||||
| Party of National Mobilization | 27,812 | 0.03 | – | – | – | |||||
| Workers' Cause Party | 26,614 | 0.03 | – | – | – | |||||
| Act | 24,076 | 0.02 | – | – | – | |||||
| Solidarity | 19,408 | 0.02 | – | – | – | |||||
| Total | 101,703,330 | 100.00 | 27 | 81 | – | |||||
| Valid votes | 101,703,330 | 82.55 | ||||||||
| Invalid votes | 12,151,932 | 9.86 | ||||||||
| Blank votes | 9,340,309 | 7.58 | ||||||||
| Total votes | 123,195,571 | 100.00 | ||||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 155,557,422 | 79.20 | ||||||||
| Source: Superior Electoral Court | ||||||||||
Election results 1982–2018
Brazilian legislative elections (Chamber of Deputies), 1982–2018
| Parties | 1982 | 1986 | 1990 | 1994 | 1998 | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2014 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Workers' Party | 3.5 | 6.9 | 10.2 | 12.8 | 13.2 | 18.4 | 15.0 | 16.9 | 14.0 | 10.3 |
| Brazilian Democratic Movement | 43.0 | 48,1 | 19.3 | 20.3 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 14.6 | 13.0 | 11.1 | 5.5 |
| Brazilian Social Democracy Party | - | - | 8.7 | 13.9 | 17.5 | 14.3 | 13.6 | 11.9 | 11.4 | 6.0 |
| Liberal Front Party/Democrats | - | 17.7 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 17.3 | 13.4 | 10.9 | 7.6 | 4.2 | 4.7 |
| Liberal Party / Party of the Republic | - | 2.8 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 5.3 |
| Brazilian Socialist Party | - | 0.9 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 5.3 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 5.5 |
| Progressistas | - | - | - | 6.9 | 11.3 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 6.6 | 6.4 | 5.6 |
| Democratic Labour Party | 5.8 | 6.5 | 10.0 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 4.6 |
| Brazilian Labour Party | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 2.1 |
| Green Party | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 1.6 |
| Social Christian Party | - | - | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
| Communist Party of Brazil | - | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 1.4 |
| Popular Socialist Party | - | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
| Brazilian Republican Party | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 1.7 | 4.5 | 5.1 |
| Socialism and Liberty Party | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.8 |
| Party of National Mobilization | - | - | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Democratic Social / Reform Progressive Party | 43.2 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 9.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| National Reconstruction Party / Christian Labour Party | - | - | 8.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
| Christian Democratic Party / Christian Social Democratic Party / Christian Democracy | - | 1.2 | 3.0 | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | - | - | - |
| Social Democratic Party | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6.2 | 5.8 |
| Republican Party of the Social Order | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.0 | 2.1 |
| Solidariedade | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.7 | 2.0 |
| National Labor Party / Podemos | - | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.3 |
| National Ecologic Party / Patriota | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 1.5 |
| Labour Party of Brazil / Avante | - | - | 0.2 | - | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.9 |
| Humanist Party of Solidarity | - | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
| Progressive Republican Party | - | - | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| Social Liberal Party | - | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 11.7 |
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| New Party | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.8 |
| Sustainability Network | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.8 |
| Others | 0.0 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Referendums
Brazil has held three national referendums in its history. In the first, held on January 6, 1963, the people voted for the re-establishment of the presidential system of government (82% of valid ballots), which had been modified by a constitutional amendment in 1961. A second referendum, as ordered by the Federal Constitution of 1988, was held on April 21, 1993, when the voters voted for a republican form of government and reaffirmed the presidential system.
A third national referendum, on the prohibition of the commerce of personal firearms and ammunition, was held on October 23, 2005. The ban proposal was rejected by 64% of the electorate.