D

D
D d
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin language
Phonetic usage	[d] [t] [ɗ] [z~j] [ⁿd] [ɖ] [ɾ] [ð~ð̞~ð̠˕ˠ]
Unicode codepoint	U+0044, U+0064
Alphabetical position	4 Numerical value: 4
History
Development	Δ δ 𐌃 D d
Time period	~-700 to present
Descendants	Ď Dž Dz Đ Ð Ƌ Ꭰ ₫ ∂
Sisters	Д (ד د ܕ) Դ դ Ꭰ Ꮫ ደ
Other
Other letters commonly used with	d(x)
Associated numbers	4
Writing direction	Left-to-Right

D, or d, is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is dee (pronounced ), plural dees.

History

Egyptian hieroglyph door, fish	Phoenician daleth	Greek Delta	Etruscan D	Latin D

The Semitic letter Dāleth may have developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are many different Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek and Latin, the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was archaic, but still retained (see letter B). The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, Δ.

Architecture

The minuscule (lower-case) form of 'd' consists of a lower-story left bowl and a stem ascender. It most likely developed by gradual variations on the majuscule (capital) form 'D', and today now composed as a stem with a full lobe to the right. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke.

Use in writing systems

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, and in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨d⟩ generally represents the voiced alveolar or voiced dental plosive /d/. However, in the Vietnamese alphabet, it represents the sound /z/ in northern dialects or /j/ in southern dialects. (See D with stroke and Dz (digraph).) In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stop /nd/. In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, ⟨d⟩ represents an unaspirated /t/, while ⟨t⟩ represents an aspirated /tʰ/. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo and the Pinyin transliteration of Mandarin. D is the tenth most frequently used letter in the English language.

Other uses

• The Roman numeral D represents the number 500.
• D is the grade below C but above E in the school grading system.
• D is the International vehicle registration code for Germany (see also .de).
• In Cantonese: Because the lack of Unicode CJK support in the early computer system, many Hong Kongers and Singaporeans used the capitalized D to represent 啲 (lit. a little).
• In the Gregory-Aland system for cataloging Biblical manuscripts, D can refer to documents in the Western text-type tradition, either Codex Bezae or Codex Claromontanus.
• d. is the standard abbreviation for the Penny (British pre-decimal coin) (from Latin: denarius)

Related characters

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• Ɖ ɖ : African D
• Ð ð : Latin letter Eth
• D with diacritics: Đ đ Ꟈ ꟈ Ɗ ɗ Ḋ ḋ Ḍ ḍ Ḑ ḑ Ḓ ḓ Ď ď Ḏ ḏ
• Phonetic symbols related to D:
  • Symbols related to D used in the IPA: ɖ ɗ
  • Symbols related to D used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet: ᴅ ᴰ ᵈ
  • Superscript IPA letters: 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍
  • Other phonetic symbols related to D: ȡ ᵭ ᶁ ᶑ
• Ƌ ƌ : D with topbar
• 𝼥 : D with mid-height left hook - Used by the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 20th century for romanization of the Malayalam language.
• Ꝺ ꝺ : Insular D is used in various phonetic contexts

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤃 : Semitic letter Dalet, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Δ δ : Greek letter Delta, from which the following symbols originally derive
    • Ⲇ ⲇ : Coptic letter Delta
    • Д д : Cyrillic letter De
    • 𐌃 : Old Italic D, the ancestor of modern Latin D
      • ᛞ : Runic letter dagaz, which is possibly a descendant of Old Italic D
      • ᚦ Runic letter thurisaz, another possible descendant of Old Italic D
    • 𐌳 : Gothic letter daaz, which derives from Greek Delta

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ₫ : Đồng sign
• ⅆ : Unicode symbol for d used as derivative symbol
• ∂ : the partial derivative symbol,

Code points

These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Delta

Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-145 Unified English Braille

In British Sign Language (BSL), the letter 'd' is indicated by signing with the right hand held with the index and thumb extended and slightly curved, and the tip of the thumb and finger held against the extended index of the left hand.

Use as a number

In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, D is a number that corresponds to the number 13 in decimal (base 10) counting. In the binary (base 2) numbering system, D is denoted by 1101.